ELAINE N. MARIEB EIGHTH EDITION 1 Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings PowerPoint ® Lecture Slide Presentation by Jerry L. Cook, Sam Houston University ESSENTIALS OF HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY PART A The Human Body: An Orientation
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Topic checklist 401A define the terms anatomy and physiology list the levels of structural organisation of the human body in order and explain how they are related list the functions (human life processes) that humans must perform to maintain life list the survival needs of the human body define homeostasis and the difference between negative and positive feedback systems describe and demonstrate the anatomical position use anatomical terminology to describe and identify: Regional terms (body landmarks) Directional terms Body Planes and Sections The four quadrants and nine regions of the abdominopelvic cavity locate the major body cavities, and list the chief organs in each cavity
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Definitions Anatomy – study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts Physiology – study of how the body and its parts work or function Pathophysiology – study of the functional changes associated with disease and aging
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Anatomy – Levels of Study Gross Anatomy Large structures Easily observable
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 14.4 Anatomy – Levels of Study Microscopic Anatomy Very small structures Can only be viewed with a microscope
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.1 Levels of Structural Organization
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.2a Organ System Overview Integumentary Forms the external body covering Protects deeper tissue from injury Synthesizes vitamin D Location of cutaneous nerve receptors
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.2b Organ System Overview Skeletal Protects and supports body organs Provides muscle attachment for movement Site of blood cell formation Stores mineral
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.2c Organ System Overview Muscular Allows locomotion Maintains posture Produces heat
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.2d Organ System Overview Nervous Fast-acting control system Responds to internal and external change Activates muscles and glands
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.2e Organ System Overview Endocrine Secretes regulatory hormones Growth Reproduction Metabolism
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.2f Organ System Overview Cardiovascular Transports materials in body via blood pumped by heart Oxygen Carbon dioxide Nutrients Wastes
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Organ System Overview Lymphatic Returns fluids to blood vessels Disposes of debris Involved in immunity Figure 1.2g
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Organ System Overview Respiratory Keeps blood supplied with oxygen Removes carbon dioxide Figure 1.2h
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Organ System Overview Digestive Breaks down food Allows for nutrient absorption into blood Eliminates indigestible material Figure 1.2i
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Organ System Overview Urinary Eliminates nitrogenous wastes Maintains acid – base balance Regulates water and electrolytes Figure 1.2j
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Organ System Overview Reproductive Production of offspring Figure 1.2k
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Functional characterisitcs (human life processes) Maintain Boundaries Movement Locomotion Movement of substances Responsiveness Ability to sense changes and react Digestion Break-down and delivery of nutrients
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Functional characterisitcs (human life processes) Metabolism – all chemical reactions within the body Production of energy Making body structures Excretion Elimination of waste products
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Functional characterisitcs (human life processes) Reproduction Production of future generation Growth Increasing of cell size and number Respiration Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Survival Needs Nutrients Chemicals for energy and cell building Includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, and minerals Oxygen Required for chemical reactions
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Survival Needs Water 60–80% of body weight Provides for metabolic reaction Stable body temperature Atmospheric pressure must be appropriate
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Homeostasis Maintenance of a stable internal environment = a dynamic state of equilibrium Homeostasis must be maintained for normal body functioning and to sustain life Homeostatic imbalance – a disturbance in homeostasis resulting in disease
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Overview of Homeostasis Figure 1.4
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Feedback Mechanisms Negative feedback Includes most homeostatic control mechanisms Shuts off the original stimulus, or reduces its intensity Works like a household thermostat
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Feedback Mechanisms Positive feedback Increases the original stimulus to push the variable farther In the body this only occurs in blood clotting and birth of a baby
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Language of Anatomy Special terminology is used to prevent misunderstanding Exact terms are used for: Position Direction Regions Structures
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Regional terms Anterior Figure 1.5a
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Regional terms Posterior Figure 1.5b
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Regional terms Divide into 4 groups Find the descriptions that match the regional terms you have been given and write the regional terms in your learning guide. Attach the stickers to a model in your group. Explain your regional terms to the rest of the class.
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Directional Terms Table 1.1
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Directional Terms Table 1.1 (cont)
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Body Planes Figure 1.6
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Body Cavities Figure 1.7
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Abdominopelvic Major Organs Figure 1.8c
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Abdominopelvic Quadrants Figure 1.8a
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Abdominopelvic Regions Figure 1.8b
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Exercise A large organ in the RUQ is the..... ? The spleen is located in which quadrant?
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings How do we look inside the body? Until about 50 years ago the X-Ray was the only way to look inside the body X-Rays are still useful and best show hard bony structures and locate abnormally dense structures ( tumours, Tuberculosis) CT Scan: Computed tomography, confines its beam to a thin slice of the body. CT’s have helped eliminate much exploratory surgery, because the scans provide a detailed cross sectional picture of the body region scanned
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Medical Imaging CT Scans provide good images of bony tissue, the brain and the abdomen. Angiography: provides a good view of blood vessels, particularly used to detect blockages in blood vessels. MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) uses magnetic fields to obtain images. It is used for providing information that X- Rays and CT cannot determine. Very good for viewing soft tissues, but does not show bony tissue very well
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Medical Imaging Ultrasound- safe and low cost, uses high frequency sound waves, which make echoes when reflected off the tissue. Technique of choice for obstetrics. Does not work effectively in air filled structures. PET scan (Positron emission tomography) is used to observe metabolic processes. Used to provide insights into brain activity