Taxonomy of Wood Products Solid Wood Products

WOOD Solid Wood Softwood Lumber Boards Dimension Lumber Timber Machine Stress Rated Glued Wood Finger Joined Edge Glued TreatedHardwood Composites Panels Particleboard Medium Density Fibreboard Plywood Oriented Strandboard Engineered Lumber Composites Glue Laminated Timber Laminated Veneer Lumber Oriented Strand Lumber Engineered Wood Products I - Beams Cross Laminated Timber Wood Products Taxonomy

WOOD Solid Wood Softwood Lumber Boards Dimension Lumber Timber Machine Stress Rated Glued Wood Finger Joined Edge Glued TreatedHardwood Composites Panels Particleboard Medium Density Fibreboard Plywood Oriented Strandboard Engineered Lumber Composites Glue Laminated Timber Laminated Veneer Lumber Oriented Strand Lumber Engineered Wood Products I - Beams Cross Laminated Timber Wood Products Taxonomy

Dimension Lumber  “2 by 4”, “2 by 6”, “2 by 8” construction lumber  Majority of lumber produced in North America  Production grew approx. 1.4% p.a. from  Bulk commodity product with little specialization  Used mainly in residential construction

Dimension lumber - sizes 4.0” 3.7” 3.5” 2.0” 1.7” 1.5” Rough sawnAfter dryingAfter planing (“nominal” size)(actual size) “Two by four”

Dimension Lumber - sizes Thickness– increments of 2 inches Width– increments of 2 inches Length– increments of 2 feet ProductLength (ft) x x x x Premiums for larger cross-section dimensions and lengths. Softwood lumber pricing (US$/MBF)

Dimension Lumber

Majority of production sold in US SPF species group (Spruce - Pine – Fir)

Softwood Boards  Non-structural, finished product  1” thick material, 2” width increments, 2’ length increments  Markets are: export, industrial, home centres BC Wood Specialties

Softwood boards Wall panelling Canadian softwood board species

Softwood boards Decorative panelling Furniture

Timber  Minimum dimensions 5.5”  High value product  Majority goes to export markets  Production is decreasing

13 Timber Post and beam construction Architectural value as well as structural role Higher value product than smaller dimensions ($/m 3 )

14 Timber Danzaland, Flickr 100_9859, CC BY-NC-ND 2.0

Solid softwood lumber – species BoardsDimension lumberTimber SpruceSPFDouglas-fir Douglas-firDouglas-firHemlock PinesHemlock Hemlock Cedars

Machine Stress Rated Lumber  Lumber is graded by machine rather than manually  Uses non-destructive measurement of stiffness to predict strength of lumber pieces  Structural end-uses  Value-added lumber product  Trusses are large market

Bending test Deflection Load Maximum load Modulus of Rupture MOR “strength” Linear portion of curve Modulus of Elasticity MOE “stiffness”

MOE – MOR relationship MOE “stiffness” MOR “strength” x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x MOE measured MOR predicted

Machine Stress Rated Lumber Rollers Sensor Load cell Lumber

MSR lumber in roof trusses

Softwood lumber prices Prices in $US per thousand board feet (Mfbm) (2x4, random lengths) SPF, #2 and better$ 372 D-fir, #2 and better$ 420 SPF, 1650f$ 405 SPF, 1800f$ 425 SPF, 2100f$ 435 SPF, 2400f$ 450

WOOD Solid Wood Softwood Lumber Boards Dimension Lumber Timber Machine Stress Rated Glued Wood Finger Joined Edge Glued TreatedHardwood Composites Panels Particleboard Medium Density Fibreboard Plywood Oriented Strandboard Engineered Lumber Composites Glue Laminated Timber Laminated Veneer Lumber Oriented Strand Lumber Engineered Wood Products I - Beams Cross Laminated Timber Wood Products Taxonomy

e.g. dimension lumber trim ends Short lengths Longer lengths

defect, e.g. knots Removal of defects Butt joint (end grain)

Finger Joined Lumber  Longer lengths produced from shorter stock  Allow defects to be reduced  End-to-end joints via side-grain gluing

Finger Jointed Lumber BC Wood Specialties  Structural or non-structural joints can be made  Longer fingers → greater strengths  Increased dimensional stability in resulting piece  Utilized in lumber, glulam, I -beams

Finger joints Narrower edge Wider face

Dimensional stability of finger joined lumber Warping tendency of any one piece is randomized in its location in finger-joined lumber and resulting piece is more dimensionally stable.

Edge-glued Panels  Edge-lamination of wood  Greater widths from narrow material  Dimensionally stable-panel produced  Industrial and finished retail products

Wood dryng defects Tangential shrinkage > Radial shrinkage Natural tendency to “cup” Cupping is greater in wider pieces of wood R T T R

Dimensional stability of edge-glued panels Randomization of end grain patterns Less likely to cup

Edge-glued panels

WOOD Solid Wood Softwood Lumber Boards Dimension Lumber Timber Machine Stress Rated Glued Wood Finger Joined Edge Glued TreatedHardwood Composites Panels Particleboard Medium Density Fibreboard Plywood Oriented Strandboard Engineered Lumber Composites Glue Laminated Timber Laminated Veneer Lumber Oriented Strand Lumber Engineered Wood Products I - Beams Cross Laminated Timber Wood Products Taxonomy

Treated Wood  Preserves the wood against fungal degradation  For wood used in external conditions  Effectively poisons the wood  Chemical agent is either water-borne or oil-borne  Usually introduced into wood using pressure treatment

Treated Wood Examples of preservatives  Creosote  Pentachlorophenol (PCP)  Chromated copper arsenate (CCA)  Ammoniacal copper quaternary (ACQ)

Treated Wood Pressure treatment vessels

Treated Wood Examples of preservative use Creosote Pentachlorophenol (PCP)

Treated Wood Examples of preservative use CCA ACQ

Pressure-treated Wood The retention of wood preservatives in wood species which do not readily abosrb the preservative chemical can be enhanced by incising the wood. Non-incised lumberIncised lumber

WOOD Solid Wood Softwood Lumber Boards Dimension Lumber Timber Machine Stress Rated Glued Wood Finger Joined Edge Glued TreatedHardwood Composites Panels Particleboard Medium Density Fibreboard Plywood Oriented Strandboard Engineered Lumber Composites Glue Laminated Timber Laminated Veneer Lumber Oriented Strand Lumber Engineered Wood Products I - Beams Cross Laminated Timber Wood Products Taxonomy

Hardwood Lumber  Visual appearance of lumber is key  Used for decorative and architectural purposes rather than structural products  Flooring, trim & molding, joinery, cabinets, furniture

Hardwood Lumber

Grading system based on cutting high quality boards from rough lumber. Thickness– usually 1 inch (but also other thicknesses) Width– random widths Length– increments of 1 foot

Lumber Grading Softwood vs. Harwoods

Lumber Grading - softwoods Softwood grading considers that the piece of lumber will be used as it stands and will not undergo subsequent reprocessing. Therefore the greatest defect in the piece decides the grade of that piece of lumber.

Lumber Grading - harwoods Hardwood boards are graded on the amount of clear (defect-free) wood that can be obtained after the removal of defects. The boards are either “ripped” along the grain, or “chopped” across the grain to produce smaller, clear pieces are called “cuttings”. Cuttings are then used in the production of other items such as edge-glued panels or furniture.

Boards Dimension Lumber Timber Machine Stress Rated Lumber Solid softwood lumber

Finger Jointed lumber Edge-glued Panels Treated Wood Hardwood Other solid lumber products