HUMAN TISSUE, MEMBRANES CHAPTER 3 AND 4

TISSUES TISSUES are groups of cells with structurefunction similar structure and function.

STRUCTURE IS FUNCTION Cells are specialized for function.

ROLE OF TISSUE COVERING SUPPORT SUPPORT MOVEMENT MOVEMENT CONTROL CONTROL (A PART OF WHAT THEY DO)

FOUR PRIMARY TYPES OF TISSUE CONNECTIVEMUSCLENERVOUSEPITHELIAL

ORGANS ORGANIZED TISSUES BECOME AN ORGAN. ORGANIZED TISSUES BECOME AN ORGAN.

CONNECTIVE TISSUE BONE CARTILAGE

DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE

LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE

LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE AND BLOOD TISSUE

CONNECTIVE TISSUE FOUND THROUGHOUT THE BODY FUNCTIONS: –BINDS BODY TISSUES TOGETHER –SUPPORTS THE BODY –PROVIDES PROTECTION –TRANSPORTATION (BLOOD AND LYMPH)

CHARACTERISTICS OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE SOME TISSUES ARE WELL VASCULARIZED SOME ARE AVASCULAR SOME CONSIST OF NON-LIVING MATERIAL THAT SURROUNDS LIVING CELLS

MUSCLE TISSUE Function is to produce movement Three types –Skeletal muscle –Cardiac muscle –Smooth muscle

MUSCLE TISSUE TYPES Slide 3.65 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Skeletal muscle  Can be controlled voluntarily  Cells attach to connective tissue  Cells are striated  Cells have more than one nucleus Figure 3.19b

MUSCLE TISSUE TYPES Slide 3.66 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Cardiac muscle  Found only in the heart  Function is to pump blood (involuntary)  Cells attached to other cardiac muscle cells at intercalated disks  Cells are striated  One nucleus per cell Figure 3.19c

MUSCLE TISSUE TYPES Slide 3.67 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Smooth muscle  Involuntary muscle  Surrounds hollow organs  Attached to other smooth muscle cells  No visible striations  One nucleus per cell Figure 3.19a

EPITHELIAL TISSUE FUNCTIONS:FUNCTIONS: –PROTECTION –ABSORPTION –FILTRATION –SECRETION

EPITHELIAL CHARACTERISTICS Cells fit closely togetherCells fit closely together Tissue layer always has one free surfaceTissue layer always has one free surface The lower surface is bound by a basement membraneThe lower surface is bound by a basement membrane Avascular (have no blood supply)Avascular (have no blood supply) Regenerate easily if well nourishedRegenerate easily if well nourished

CLASSIFICATION OF EPITHELIAL TISSUE Number of cell layersNumber of cell layers –Simple – one layer –Stratified – more than one layer

CLASSIFICATION OF EPITHELIAL CELLS SHAPE OF CELLS SHAPE OF CELLS –Squamous – flattened –Cuboidal – cube-shaped –Columnar – column-like

SIMPLE EPITHELIAL TISSUE SIMPLE CUBOIDAL –Single layer of cube-like cells Common in glands and their ducts –Forms walls of kidney tubules –Covers the ovaries

SIMPLE EPITHELIAL TISSUE SIMPLE SQUAMOUS –Single layer of flat cells –Usually forms membranes Lines body cavitiesLines body cavities Lines lungs and capillariesLines lungs and capillaries

SIMPLE EPITHELIAL TISSUE SIMPLE COLUMNAR SIMPLE COLUMNAR –Single layer of tall cells –Often includes goblet cells, which produce mucus –Lines digestive tract

SIMPLE EPITHELIAL TISSUE PSEUDOSTRATIFIED PSEUDOSTRATIFIED –Single layer, but some cells are shorter than others –Often looks like a double cell layer –Sometimes ciliated, such as in the respiratory tract –May function in absorption or secretion

STRATIFIED EPITHELIUM Stratified squamousStratified squamous –Cells at the free edge are flattened –Found as a protective covering where friction is common –Locations SkinSkin MouthMouth EsophagusEsophagus

STRATIFIED EPITHELIAL TISSUE Stratified cuboidalStratified cuboidal –Two layers of cuboidal cells Stratified columnarStratified columnar –Surface cells are columnar, cells underneath vary in size and shape Stratified cuboidal and columnarStratified cuboidal and columnar –Rare in human body –Found mainly in ducts of large glands

STRATIFIED EPITHELIAL TISSUE Transitional epitheliumTransitional epithelium –Shape of cells depends upon the amount of stretching –Lines organs of the urinary system

GLANDULAR EPITHELIAL TISSUE Gland – one or more cells that secretes a particular product Two major gland types –Endocrine gland Ductless Secretions are hormones –Exocrine gland Empty through ducts to the epithelial surface Include sweat and oil glands

NERVOUS TISSUE Slide 3.68 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Neurons and nerve support cells  Function is to send impulses to other areas of the body  Irritability  Conductivity Figure 3.20

THE INTEGUMENT SKIN AND BODY MEMBRANES –LINE OR COVER SURFACES –PROTECT BODY SURFACES –LUBRICATE BODY SURFACES

FUNCTIONS OF BODY MEMBRANES MEMBRANES ARE THIN LAYERS OF TISSUE WHICH COVER A SURFACE, LINE A BODY CAVITY, OR DIVIDE A BODY SPACE OR ORGAN.

CELL MEMBRANES