 Be able to give an example of the hierarchy of body plans from cells to body systems  Name the structure and function of the different tissues: epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous

 Tissues make up organs, which together make up organ systems  Most animals are composed of specialized cells organized into tissues that have different functions

 Different tissues have different structures that are suited to their functions  Tissues are classified into four main categories: epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous

Epithelial tissue covers the outside of the body and lines the organs and cavities within the body – shape cuboidal (like dice) columnar (like bricks on end) squamous (like floor tiles) – The arrangement simple (single cell layer) stratified (multiple tiers of cells) pseudostratified (a single layer of cells of varying length)

Fig. 40-5a Epithelial Tissue Cuboidal epithelium Simple columnar epithelium Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium Stratified squamous epithelium Simple squamous epithelium

six major types of connective tissue: – Loose connective tissue: binds epithelia to underlying tissues and holds organs in place – Cartilage: strong and flexible support material – Fibrous connective tissue: found in tendons, which attach muscles to bones, and ligaments, which connect bones at joints – Adipose tissue: fat cells – Blood: blood cells and plasma – Bone: your skeleton

connective tissue fiber (all made of protein) – Collagenous fibers provide strength and flexibility – Elastic fibers stretch and snap back to their original length – Reticular fibers join connective tissue to adjacent tissues Connective tissue cells – Fibroblasts: secrete the protein of extracellular fibers – Macrophages: involved in the immune system

Fig. 40-5c Connective Tissue Collagenous fiber Loose connective tissue Elastic fiber 120 µm Cartilage Chondrocytes 100 µm Chondroitin sulfate Adipose tissue Fat droplets 150 µm White blood cells 55 µm Plasma Red blood cells Blood Nuclei Fibrous connective tissue 30 µm Osteon Bone Central canal 700 µm

 Muscle tissue consists of long cells called muscle fibers, which contract in response to nerve signals  Three types: Skeletal muscle: or striated muscle, is responsible for voluntary movement Smooth muscle:responsible for involuntary body activities Cardiac muscle: responsible for contraction of the heart Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Fig. 40-5j Muscle Tissue 50 µm Skeletal muscle Multiple nuclei Muscle fiber Sarcomere 100 µm Smooth muscle Cardiac muscle Nucleus Muscle fibers 25 µm Nucleus Intercalated disk

 Nervous tissue senses stimuli and transmits signals throughout the animal  Nervous tissue contains: Neurons, or nerve cells, that transmit nerve impulses Glial cells, or glia, that help nourish, insulate, and replenish neurons Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

 Fill out the tissue identification chart

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

 Secretion and absorption  Found on the surface of ovaries, the lining of nephrons, the walls of the renal tubules (kidney), and parts of the eye and thyroid.

Striated (skeletal) muscle cells

 For movement  Ex. Found in biceps, triceps,

 Send signals to and from your brain and spinal cord  Found throughout your body, but are most concentrated in your brain and spinal cord

Blood cells

 Include red blood cells and white blood cells  Found in blood vessels

 What are some adaptations that help organisms exchange nutrients, waste and gasses with the environment  How do animals maintain homeostasis, especially in terms of heat (include in your answer how feedback mechanisms work)  What are the two main adaptations to satisfy energy requirements and what are the pros and cons of each.

 Exchange with the environment  Homeostasis Heat/Cold Salinity Blood sugar  Energy requirements *Form (anatomy) must meet function(physiology)

 Must exchange Nutrients Waste Gasses What advantage would single celled organisms have and how do larger organisms deal with this?

 Regulator– controls an environmental variable Ex. Endothermic organism  Conformer – conforms to its environment EX. Ectothermic organism

 Negative feedback loops have a set point, and senses the deviation from the set point and then sends out a response  Ex. Sweat  Positive feedbacks do not normally contribute to homeostasis Ex. Child birth

 Hypothalamus is responsible for sensing and responding to body temperatures Note: the same blood vessel supplies blood to hypothalamus and ear – that is why we can use an ear thermometer

 Using the Environment Behavioral responses – such as moving to different areas that are cold or hot  Using Physiology Insulation Adjusting metabolic heat production (shivering) Circulatory adaptations

 Hint: one way is conduction: By directly transferring heat (ex. Reptile sitting on a hot rock.)

 These are a good example of behavioral responses

 Thermogenesis – heat production in the body either my muscle movement or metabolic activity producing more heat than ATP  Shivering Shivering

 Sweating  Panting in birds and other mammals (dogs)birds

 Trap the heat Ex. Blubber in whales or fluffed up feathers in birds

 Problem: Ducks feet need circulation, but the cold water will make the venus blood cold which will chill the body.  Countercurrent exchange to the rescue!!!

 Ectothermy – few can live in below-freezing weather (Must live in fairly stable climates), but could live where food is scarce.  Endothermy – can live in more variable environments, but cannot live where food is scarce.