8/6/07 THEMIS GBO 1 Ground Based Observatory Network operation and first results. Stephen B. Mende and the THEMIS GBO team UC Berkeley, U of Calgary, UCLA, U of Alberta. Stephen B. Mende and the THEMIS GBO team UC Berkeley, U of Calgary, UCLA, U of Alberta.

8/6/07 THEMIS GBO 2 UC Berkeley: (S. Mende, H. U. Frey, S. E Harris, Tim Quinn, ++) Overall Direction Development, Construction and Maintenance of ASI instrument hdw. Maintenance and field servicing four stations in Alaska Archival and data presentation to outside users U of Calgary: (Eric Donovan, Brian Jackel, Mike Greffen,++) Data collection and forwarding to UCB from all GBO stations Maintenance and field servicing 16 stations in Canada UCLA: (Chris Russell, ++) Validation of GBO and EPO magnetometers Maintenance of EPO magnetometers U of Alberta: (Ian Mann, ++) Providing and validating non-GBO THEMIS magnetometers in Canada GBO Team

8/6/07 THEMIS GBO 3 I have taken a look at the themis site and found that the poplar trees look like they are giving you a definate problem. Second, I found that the mounting post is not solid, I tamped it as best I could and peaked, signal is very low. You say to yourself what would move the mounting pole? As I was peaking I looked back down the trail to see a black object walking toward me. No amount of noise would scare him, on my way to your orange box, yes I was running. I was able to pick up some rocks and a couple good size logs from the adjacent pile. Throwing the rocks made him more curious, like a cat chasing a light on the wall. I watched him as he continued up to the dish and then proceeded to scratch his ass on your pole mount. He then scattered the box of tools I had left in my hasty retreat. As I continued to hollar he became curious as to what was on top of the orange box,me. You can call bullshit if you want to but I was not able to scare him off untill he stood up on his back feet to see me on the box. I can tell you this Babe Ruth would be proud, there is nothing more adrenaline pumping that hitting a home run to the side of a bears head, with a three inch poplar six feet long. Last seen heading S

8/6/07 THEMIS GBO 4 Outline: Brief summary of THEMIS Ground Based Observatory (GBO) program. Discussion of a substorm observed using the data from THEMIS December 23, 2006 GBO-s (pre-launch). Observation of substorms with THEMIS satellites and GBO-s on March 23 and March 15.

8/6/07 THEMIS GBO 5 20 stations an ASI at each and a mag if no other mag nearby. ASI cadence = 3 sec frame rate, MAG = 2 Hz sampling

8/6/07 THEMIS GBO 6 1 No.2 Site3 Abbrev. 4 Location 5 Latitude6 Longitude7 Mag. Midnigh t 8 ASI#9 GBO#10 GMAG type11 Deploy 20Goose BayGBAYCanada53.316N E3:3613GBO-14GMAG-6 (10532/5009) Feb-06 18NainNAINCanada :4005GBO-21GMAG-8 (10547/5011) TBD 19Chibougama u CHBGCanada49.814N E4:1616GBO-17GMAG-9 (10546/5013) Sep-06 16SanikiluaqSNKQCanada56.536N E5:0509GBO-22NRCan w/ GPS- 9 Oct-06 17KapuskasingKAPUCanada49.392N E5:2917GBO-15GMAG-7 (10545/5012) May Rankin InletRANKCanada62.828N E6:2512GBO-09CGSM w/ GPS-4 (10528) Sep-05 13GillamGILLCanada56.354N E6:3419GBO-19CGSM w/ GPS-7 (10516) May Pinawa (LdB) PINACanada50.163N E6:3918GBO-16CGSM w/ GPS-8May Flin Flon / The Pas TPASCanada53.994N E7:0506GBO-06GMAG-1 (10505/4001) May Fort SmithFSMICanada59.984N E8:0810GBO-10CGSM w/ GPS-3 (10527) Jul-05

8/6/07 THEMIS GBO 7 1 No.2 Site3 Abbrev. 4 Location 5 Latitude6 Longitude7 Mag. Midnigh t 8 ASI#9 GBO#10 GMAG type11 Deploy 12AthabascaATHACanada54.714N E8:0802GBO-02NRCan w/ GPS-0Aug-04 7Lac de Gras / Ekati EKATCanada64.733N E8:1104GBO-04GMAG-3 (10503/4003) Dec-04 9Prince George PGEOCanada53.815N E8:5303GBO-03GMAG-2 (10501/4002) Sep-04 8Fort SimpsonFSMPCanada :5815GBO-13CGSM w/ GPS-6 (10539) TBD 6White HorseWHITCanada61.010N E10:0207GBO-07GMAG-4 (10533/4015) Jul-05 5InuvikINUVCanada68.413N E10:1908GBO-08CGSM ('06) w/ GPS-2 (10526) Jun-05 1GakonaGAKOUSA62.407N E10:4920GBO-18GI w/ GPS-10Aug-06 2Fort YukonFYKNUSA66.560N E11:0214GBO-12GI w/ GPS-5 (10529) Oct-05 3McgrathMCGRUSA62.953N E11:3311GBO-11GMAG-5 (10525/4016) Aug-05 4KianaKIANUSA66.971N E12:0422GBO-20GMAG-10 (10554/4009) Sep-06 SpareBerkeleyBERKUSA37.881N E 21GBO-05GMAG-0 (proto s/n 1) Mar-05

8/6/07 THEMIS GBO 8 CityStateAcronymIP AddressAltitudeLongitudeLatitude Bay MillsMIBMLS Carson CityNVCCNV DerbyVTDRBY Fort YatesNDFYTS Hot SpringsMTHOTS LoysburgPALOYS Pine RidgeSDPINE PetersburgAKPTRS RemusMIRMUS ShawanoWISWNO UkiahORUKIA San GabrielCASGD Table MountainCATBLE

8/6/07 THEMIS GBO 9 Courtesy H.Frey, UCB Geographic Longitude 324° Geographic Longitude 195° Ground Based Observatories (GBOs) are located along auroral oval ranging in geographic longitude from 195° to 324° Red markings are geographic footprints of auroral outbursts interpreted as substorm onsets, observed by the IMAGE Far-Ultraviolet Instrument Circles represent field of view of each all-sky camera Geomagnetic North Pole Geographic North Pole

8/6/07 THEMIS GBO 10

8/6/07 THEMIS GBO 11 UC Berkeley: (S. Mende, H. U. Frey, S. E Harris, Tim Quinn, ++) Overall Direction Development, Construction and Maintenance of ASI instrument hdw. Maintenance and field servicing four stations in Alaska Archival and data presentation to outside users U of Calgary: (Eric Donovan, Brian Jackel, Mike Greffen,++) Data collection and forwarding to UCB from all GBO stations Maintenance and field servicing 16 stations in Canada UCLA: (Chris Russell, ++) Validation of GBO and EPO magnetometers Maintenance of EPO magnetometers U of Alberta: (Ian Mann, ++) Providing and validating non-GBO THEMIS magnetometers in Canada GBO Team

8/6/07 THEMIS GBO 12 Conjunctions exceed requirements of 188hrs/season with ~50% margin Alignment: February: Tail May: Dusk August: Midday November: Dawn GBO chain Sept. - March South Pole April - August

8/6/07 THEMIS GBO 13 Near South Pole in the Austral winter 24 hour darkness permits optical observations US AGO-s and other Antarctic Stations Sun at 15:30 UT (magnetic midday).

8/6/07 THEMIS GBO 14

8/6/07 THEMIS GBO 15 Is reconnection steady state on the scale of a few km? During Bz > 0 the cusp separates from the auroral oval and its dynamics can be observed separately. Re-connection - transient?

8/6/07 THEMIS GBO 16 THEMIS GBO coverage of substorm Dec 23, 2006

8/6/07 THEMIS GBO 17 06:18:33 Bi-furcation

8/6/07 THEMIS GBO 18 06:18:48 Break up

8/6/07 THEMIS GBO 19 06:19:36 apparent current shear

8/6/07 THEMIS GBO 20 06:26:57 apparent substorm in Alaska

8/6/07 THEMIS GBO 21 The sharp response of magnetic variation is delayed. Pi-2 pulsations have long periods to use for substorm timing to ~10 sec.

8/6/07 THEMIS GBO 22 THEMIS requirement is ~10 sec timing. The brightening of the equatorward arc was a gradual process taking >27 seconds, the break up occurred suddenly (<3 sec) at the intersection of newly discerned bifurcation of the equatorward arc at latitude 58 o N and longitude of 260 o. The break up occurred over an east west elongated region of 2 to 3 degrees longitude. The auroral arcs in Alaska were observed to undergo similar break up and turbulent poleward expansion but ~10 minutes later. Magnetic variations generally are not precise enough to get the requirted timing. Current Wedge. After onset the magnetic field vectors were consistent with the superposition of an outward field aligned current, west side of the auroral break up, an intense electrojet current and a downward field aligned current to the east. Harang discontinuity. Westward current, no evidence of an ionospheric current reversal near the onset region. [Mende et al., GRL 2007GL030850, 2007 accepted.]

8/6/07 THEMIS GBO 23 First substorm seen by THEMIS

8/6/07 THEMIS GBO 24 First substorm seen by THEMIS

8/6/07 THEMIS GBO 25 THEMIS POLAR SUN X Y Z X Y Z DETAILED VIEW THC THE THD THB THA SUN First light: Nature’s welcome. Two substorms seen on March 23 TH-C TH-D TH-B TH-A TH-E C-DBA-E

8/6/07 THEMIS GBO 26 Intensification: 11:18 UT TH-GBOs: High resolution & sensitivity Onset: 11:12:51UT, Intensification: 11:18:30UT POLAR UVI/VIS: GLOBAL VIEW Onset: 11:13UT Precursor: 10:58UT Latitude at pre-Midnight UT Dipolarization first on THD …then on TH B,A,E X: Y: Z: ____ THEMIS Magnetic Field, Overview c d b a e 10:58 11:18

8/6/07 THEMIS GBO 27 Sun March 15, 2007 ~02:30

8/6/07 THEMIS GBO 28 SNKQ SNKQ 03/15/07 02:00 full avge image Brightening 02:35 break up ~02:39 Note diffuse auroral boundary equatorward of break up arc.

8/6/07 THEMIS GBO 29

8/6/07 THEMIS GBO 30 Station locations event

8/6/07 THEMIS GBO 31 Station locations event

8/6/07 THEMIS GBO 32 Gillam Similar response as in SNKQ, Expansion onset ~02:40 from Keogram.

8/6/07 THEMIS GBO 33 The Pas Sky clear, aurora is in the northern part of the sky.

8/6/07 THEMIS GBO 34 Kapu_2007_03_12 Bright aurora at north. New north south feature propagates from west to east starting at 2:45

8/6/07 THEMIS GBO 35 Chbg_ _02

8/6/07 THEMIS GBO 36 pgeo mcgr loya kian tpas swno ukia whit pina pine ptrs rank rmus gill hots inuv kapu

8/6/07 THEMIS GBO 37

8/6/07 THEMIS GBO 38

8/6/07 THEMIS GBO 39 Conclusions: 1.Small early evening substorm at fairly high latitudes. 2.Global response in field line “resonance” 3.Response seen by THEMIS magnetometers. 4.Question: Chicken or egg?

8/6/07 THEMIS GBO 40 Summary THEMIS GBO-s will be a key data source for resolving the primary questions about auroral substorms. They provide a new look at the aurora and the auroral substrom with high spectral and spatial (km scale spatial and 3 sec cadence) resolution on a semi global scale. They provided context for the THEMIS space segment observations (March 23, 2007). They highlight new aspects of dayside coupling to substorms (March 15,2007).