Social Studies Grade 7 Chapter 11 The Nation Grows and Prospers

The Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution was the gradual process by which machines replaced hand tools, steam and other new sources of power replaced human & animal power The factory system brought workers and machinery together in one place to produce goods –R–Requires a lot of capital, or money –C–Capitalist, a person who invests in business with hopes of making a profit

First American Mill To protect British manufacturing Parliament passed a law making it illegal to take plans of British machinery out of the country Samuel Slater memorized machine designs & came to the US –1793 he built the 1 st successful textile mill powered by water in Rhode Island

Interchangeable Parts Eli Whitney wanted to speed up the making of guns by having machines manufacture each part –All machine make parts were alike –Interchangeable parts would save time & money –Idea of interchangeable parts spread quickly –Inventors designed machines to make interchangeable parts for many products –Small workshops develop into factories

A Factory Town A Factory Town Lowell Massachusetts- a pleasant town with a mill which could spin thread & weave cloth under one roof Lowell girls- name given to women hired in the textile factory, the company provided them room, board, education, protection Lowell girls- name given to women hired in the textile factory, the company provided them room, board, education, protection Children worked long hours in the factories Children worked long hours in the factories

Impact on Home Life The Industrial Revolution had great impact on home life. As factory systems spread: –Family members left home to earn a living –Many women went to work –Cities grow-the movement of population from farms to cities is known as urbanization Hazards of growing cities- disease, increased trash, filthy streets Attractions- cultural development ie. theater, museums, able to purchase manufactured goods like clothing

Americans Move Westward People traveled west via The Great Wagon Road (PA) & the Wilderness Road into Kentucky Waterways via flatboats Between eight new states joined the US –Kentucky (1792), Tennessee ( 1796), Ohio (1803), Louisiana (1812), Indiana (1816), Mississippi (1817), Illinois (1818), Alabama ( 1819)

Improved Transportation Turnpikes- private roads which collected tolls from travelers –Lancaster Turnpike- connected Philadelphia and Lancaster, PA Corduroy Roads- roads made of logs- kept wagons from sinking into swampy land, LOUD National Road-paid for by federal government it connected Wheeling WV & Cumberland MD

Steam Transportation Most transportation was done on waterways- faster, more comfortable, cheaper –Downstream easy, upstream more difficult –1 st successful steamboat, designed by Robert Fulton in 1807 known as the Clermont Steamboats although dangerous greatly improved transportation –Henry Shreve invented a flat bottomed steam boat that could travel in shallow western rivers

Canal Systems Canal is an artificial channel filled with water that allows boats to cross a stretch of land Erie Canal linked the Great Lakes with the Hudson River allowed western farmers to ship goods all the way to New York City -Initially thought of as “Clinton’s Ditch” because people questioned the decision to build it -greeted with cannon salute at its opening -instant success, created vital link between western farms & eastern cities - its success led to the building of new canal systems

“The Era of Good Feeling” The 8 years during James Monroe’s presidency, from when the Democratic Republicans dominated national politics -conflicts between political parties declined -sectionalism, loyalty to ones section of the country increased

3 Sectional Leaders 3 ambitious leaders take active roles in Congress each from a different section of the country South -John C. Calhoun - South Carolina supported War of 1812, defended slavery, supports state rights North -Daniel Webster - New Hampshire like many northerners he opposed the War of 1812, didn’t vote to raise taxes to pay for that war debt, wanted federal government to play larger role in building the nation’s economy, thought slavery was evil West - Henry Clay from Kentucky leader of the War Hawks pushing for the War of 1812, like Webster favored federal government playing an active role in national growth

Economic Problems After the War of 1812 the US faced economic problems –The charter for the Bank of the US expired –Foreign competition for cheaper goods –Costs of building US factories –Disagreement over high protective tariffs North support protective tariffs because they were still paying to build factories South opposed protective tariffs, they already paid for the building of factories

Clay’s American System Clay’s American System As sectionalism grew Henry Clay wanted to promote economic growth for all regions ► Clay’s program known as the American System included:  High tariffs to help northern factories  $ from northern industry would be used to buy farm products from the south & west  Tariffs would reduce US dependency on foreign goods  Tariff $ would be used to improve transportation systems (roads, bridges, canals)  Improved transportation would make shipping farm goods easier & cheaper

► Plan never FULLY put into effect, government spent little on internal improvements, South used rivers for transportation & didn’t want to pay to improve systems that wouldn’t benefit them

Supreme Court Strengthens Federal Power Chief Justice John Marshall & Supreme Court strengthen power of the federal government McCulloch v. Maryland-ruled states could not interfere with federal institutions within their borders McCulloch v. Maryland-ruled states could not interfere with federal institutions within their borders Gibbons v. Ogden-ruled states could only regulate commerce within their state, the federal government had the right to regulate interstate commerce, trade between states Gibbons v. Ogden-ruled states could only regulate commerce within their state, the federal government had the right to regulate interstate commerce, trade between states

Changes in the Americas Early 1800’s revolutions in Latin America led to changes, new nations are formed –Spanish & Portuguese power is withdrawn from the Americas Adams-Onis Treaty, 1821 Spain agrees to give Florida to the US for $5 million

Monroe Doctrine After the independence of many Latin American nations the US wanted to limit European influence in the Americas President Monroe, in 1823 issued a foreign policy statement, known as the Monroe Doctrine The Monroe Doctrine stated that the US would not interfere in European affairs at the same time he declared European nations were not to attempt to regain control in the Western Hemisphere Europe stay out of affairs in the Americas!