Similarities and differences between First and second Generation Muslim Empires Second Generation: Ottoman, Safavid and Mughal First Generation: Umayyad, Abbasid and Delhi Sultanate

Similarities Problems of succession Warrior Aristocracy Divided Population Creative Culture where learning was emphasized

Differences Earlier ones enjoyed monopoly on trade Later empires had substantial land based militaries Later empires began losing edge to Europeans

The Mughal Empire

I. ORIGINS Key Ruler: –Moved into N. India –Gunpowder –Islam Babur (1500s)

II. Empire Building Key ruler: –Defeated remaining Indian armies –Consolidated rule –Improved conditions of women –Economic boom— Akbar –Policy of Peace between Hindus & Muslims –Blending of Culture: Famed Cotton *Child Marriages ended Indian and Persian

Policy of Peace between Hindus & Muslims Govt. Jobs to Hindus Religious tolerance Permitted intermarriage: Akbar takes a Hindu wife Ended Jizya—Special tax on Hindus

III. Apex of Achievement Key rulers: –Series of cultural achievements –Military conquests and expansion –Capital moves to Delhi –Red Fort and Taj Mahal –Draining of the Treasury –Beginning of the end…Twilight Jahangir & Shah Jahin

Re growth of cities Contact w/ each other through textile trade (cotton) Same time period: 1500 and 1600s Trade facilitated achievement

Delhi & Agra Blending of Indian/ Persian influences Rulers were patron of the arts Connected Art/Religion Fell behind Europe in science Apex – architecture (Taj Mahal & Red Fort) Venice & Florence Revival of Greek/ Roman heritage Merchants served as patron of the arts Secular art Moved ahead of India in science Apex – sculpture & art (Da Vinci & Michelangelo

Taj Mahal Red Fort Akbar Style-blending of Persian/Indian influences

IV. Decline Key ruler: –Control all India –Purify Islam –Reverse female gains –Military drains treasury –Internal revolts –vulnerable Aurangzeb