PRE- ASSESSMENT Directions: From the pictures of costumes, folk symbols, artworks, scenery and other aspects of culture of the East Asian countries (Japan, China and Korea), identify the origin of the objects. Write your answers on the spaces provided at the left side of each picture.

Activity 2: Music Listening/ Video Presentation Directions: Listen/Watch to examples of traditional instrumental and vocal music of Japan, China and Korea. For you to understand and enjoy this activity, use the guide questions provided.

The traditional instrumental and vocal music of Japan

The traditional instrumental and vocal music of CHINA

The traditional instrumental and vocal music of KOREA

Lesson 1: Japanese Music

Instrumental music of Japan Traditional Japanese music is basically meditative in character. Its performance is highly ritualized, as much in the music itself, as in the composure of the musicians when performing it. Japanese chamber and solo music have a slow meditative pace.

The performance of Japanese music has traditionally been of a spiritual character, similarly to martial arts and other forms of art such as the tea ceremony and calligraphy. It is usually about religious festivals, work, dance, love, and regional songs.

Percussion Instruments (Membranophone): 1. Odaiko- (big drum). The physical energy and sheer excitement of an Odaiko performance is an integral part of many Japanese matsuri (festivals).

2. Tsuzumi (hourglass-shape) – There are two varieties, the smaller kotsuzumi and the larger otsuzumi. They are used in both noh and kabuki performances. The kotsuzumi is held on the right shoulder and the player alters the tone by squeezing the laces. The otsuzumi is placed on the left thigh. Like all other traditional arts in Japan, there are several schools of tsuzumimatsuri (festivals).

3. Tsuridaiko – a large hanging barrel drum

4. Taiko - is a Japanese drum that comes in various sizes and is used to play a variety of musical genres. It has become particularly popular in recent years as the central instrument of percussion ensembles whose repertory is based on a variety of folk and festival music of the past.

String Instruments (Chordophone) 1. Koto - is a 13-string zither, about two meters long and made of Paulownia wood. It is plucked using picks on the thumb and first two fingers of the right hand, while the left hand can be used to modify pitch and tone. Koto is used in an ensemble in gagaku or as a solo instrument.

2. Shamisen- is a plucked stringed instrument 2. Shamisen- is a plucked stringed instrument. Its construction follows a model similar to that of a guitar or a banjo, employing a neck, and strings stretched across a resonating body. The neck of the shamisen is fretless, and is slimmer than that of a guitar or a banjo.

3. Biwa - is a Japanese short-necked fretted lute, often used in narrative storytelling. The biwa is the chosen instrument of Benten, the goddess of music, eloquence, poetry, and education in Japanese Shinto.

Wind Instruments (Aerophone)

1. Shakuhachi- the most famous flute made from bamboo. It has 4 or 5 finger holes on the front face and a thumbhole on the rear face. As with other instruments above, it was imported from China for gagaku.

2. Nokan - a parallel, bamboo flute (fue) is the only melodic instrument used in noh. The melody of the flute has no specific pitch relationship with the melody of the chanting.

3. Hichiriki - is a double reed Japanese fue (flute) used as one of two main melodic instruments in Japanese gagaku music, the other being the ryūteki.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CYdCt9XbA8w

4. Sho - is a Japanese free reed musical instrument that was introduced from China during the Nara period.

5. Shinobue – also called takebue in the context of Japanese traditional arts) is a Japanese transverse flute or fue that has a high-pitched sound.

6. Ryūteki - literally "dragon flute" is a Japanese transverse fue made of bamboo. It is used in gagaku.

END OF THE LESSON NEXT Lesson 2: Chinese Music

 おはよう. oh-ha-yo-u Good morning!

__________1. The physical energy and sheer excitement of an Odaiko performance is an integral part of many Japanese matsuri (festivals). a. Odaiko- (big drum) c. Ryūteki d. Tsuzumi b. Hichiriki

Identify the names of the following instruments Short Quiz Identify the names of the following instruments

11. 12. 13. 7. 8. 9. 10. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

11. 12. 13. 7. 8. 9. 10. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

1._____(big drum). The physical energy and sheer excitement of an Odaiko performance is an integral part of many Japanese matsuri (festivals).

_____________2. (hourglass-shape) – There are two varieties, the smaller kotsuzumi and the larger otsuzumi. They are used in both noh and kabuki performances. The kotsuzumi is held on the right shoulder and the player alters the tone by squeezing the laces. The otsuzumi is placed on the left thigh. Like all other traditional arts in Japan, there are several schools of tsuzumimatsuri (festivals).

3.__________ a large hanging barrel drum

__________4.is a Japanese drum that comes in various sizes and is used to play a variety of musical genres. It has become particularly popular in recent years as the central instrument of percussion ensembles whose repertory is based on a variety of folk and festival music of the past.

_________5. Is a 13-string zither, about two meters long and made of Paulownia wood. It is plucked using picks on the thumb and first two fingers of the right hand, while the left hand can be used to modify pitch and tone. Koto is used in an ensemble in gagaku or as a solo instrument.

__________6. is a plucked stringed instrument __________6. is a plucked stringed instrument. Its construction follows a model similar to that of a guitar or a banjo, employing a neck, and strings stretched across a resonating body. The neck of the shamisen is fretless, and is slimmer than that of a guitar or a banjo

_____________7. is a Japanese short-necked fretted lute, often used in narrative storytelling. The biwa is the chosen instrument of Benten, the goddess of music, eloquence, poetry, and education in Japanese Shinto.

________________8. the most famous flute made from bamboo. It has 4 or 5 finger holes on the front face and a thumbhole on the rear face. As with other instruments above, it was imported from China for gagaku.

________9. a parallel, bamboo flute (fue) is the only melodic instrument used in noh. The melody of the flute has no specific pitch relationship with the melody of the chanting.

_____________10. is a double reed Japanese fue (flute) used as one of two main melodic instruments in Japanese gagaku music, the other being the ryūteki.

_______________11. is a Japanese free reed musical instrument that was introduced from China during the Nara period.

________________12. also called takebue in the context of Japanese traditional arts) is a Japanese transverse flute or fue that has a high-pitched sound.

_______________13. literally "dragon flute" is a Japanese transverse fue made of bamboo. It is used in gagaku.

END

Lesson 2: Chinese Music For several thousand years Chinese culture was dominated by the teachings of the philosopher Confucius, he conceived music in the highest sense as a means of calming the passion of dispelling of unrest and lust, rather than as a form of amusement.

Traditionally the Chinese have believed that sound influences the harmony of the universe. Significantly, one of the most important duties of the first emperor of each new dynasty was to search out and establish that dynasty’s through standard of pitch. A result of this philosophical orientation was that the Chinese theoretically opposed music performed solely for entertainment.

Listening/ Film Viewing Chinese Musical Instruments Listening/ Film Viewing Directions: Watch and Listen a musical video clip about the instruments of China.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HBeiYrJo9WE

1. Yueqin - Moon-shaped lute with shorter neck and four strings, played with a spectrum, used for accompanying local operas.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZrttPkk8f38

2. Pipa - Four-stringed lute with 30 frets and a pear-shaped body 2. Pipa - Four-stringed lute with 30 frets and a pear-shaped body. This instrument has an extremely wide dynamic range and remarkable expressive power.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-ZmAgFyVo48

3. Erhu - Two-stringed fiddle and one of the most popular Chinese instruments. It is used as a solo instrument as well as in small ensembles or large orchestra, and by various ethnic groups.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rm7NodUdEks&feature=related

4. Yunluo - Literally "cloud gongs" or "cloud of gongs", the yunluo is a set of ten small tuned gongs mounted in a wooden frame. The yunluo's gongs are generally of equal diameter but different Thicknesses. The thicker gongs produce a higher pitch.

5. Sheng - Sheng, or Chinese mouth organ, looks like a set of panpipes, with 12 to 36 bamboo pipes. Each pipe is of different length with a brass reed at the bottom and a hole that must be blocked in order for the note to sound. This makes it possible to sound several notes simultaneously, so chords and melody can be performed at the same time. Sheng is one of the oldest Chinese musical instruments.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_iR-KrbeFs0&feature=related

6. Dizi - Dizi is the traditional Chinese flute 6. Dizi - Dizi is the traditional Chinese flute. It can have a membrane over an extra hole to give the characteristic rattle effect. The player plays the Dizi by blowing across the mouthpiece and produces the different notes by stopping the six holes found in the rod.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w9LRN5naG4s&feature=fvwrel

7. Zheng - An ancient Chinese instrument that has an arched surface and an elongated-trapezoid with 13 to 21 strings stretched over individual bridges. Its playing range spans three to four octaves.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fsCAw-ilf_c&feature=related

8. Pengling These are two small bells made of high-tin bronze, without internal clappers, and hemispheric or bottomless gourd-like in shape. The instrument has a delicate, clarion and melodious tone. It is a coloring rhythmic instrument, either in ensembles or in theater music, bringing an effect of peaceful dreams.

1._____ 2.____ 3.____ 4.____ 5._______ 6.________ 7._________ 8._________

end

Lesson 3: Korean Music Folk music represents the soul and sound of traditional Korean villages with an eclectic array of music forms including numerous folk songs, various forms of instrumental pieces, pansori, and shaman ritual music.

Chong-ak means literally "right (or correct) music", and its tradition includes both instrumental and vocal music, which were cultivated mainly by the upper-class literati of the Joseon society. Chong-ak also refers to ensemble music for men of high social status outside of the court. In this category, three important terms are a-ak, tang-ak, and hyang-ak.

Sog-ak or minsogak is a category of Korean music traditionally associated with the lower classes or for the general public and are vibrant and energetic. It includes genres such as pansori and minyo. Pansori is a kind of music presented to audiences by skilled vocal singers and drummers. But even the unskilled could sing these songs.

Instrumental music of Korea Korean music especially in South Korea has a rich vocal tradition, and diverse instruments and music forms. Folk songs, religious works, court music, and shaman rituals all express the soul of a nation whose history is filled with colorful and fascinating tales. Traditional Korean music represents a world of captivating rhythms and melodies whose sounds draw listeners in like a breath.

Traditional Korean instruments can be broadly divided into three groups: string, wind, and percussion instruments .

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AZZtzYD2MK8

String Instruments

1. Kayagum (gayageum) - is a traditional Korean zither-like string instrument, with 12 strings, although more recently variants have been constructed with 21 or more numbers of strings. It is probably the best-known traditional Korean musical instrument.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tFe8nHQottI

2. Geomungo - Six-string plucked zither is a traditional Korean stringed musical instrument of the zither family of instruments with both bridges and frets. Scholars believe that the name refers to Goguryeo and translates to "Goguryeo zither" or that it refers to the colour and translates to "black crane zither".

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nZZAsbAzx6M

3. Haegum (two-string vertical fiddle) – It has a rodlike neck, a hollow wooden soundbox, two silk strings, and is held vertically on the knee of the performer and played with a bow.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZsyIvJg_Dh8&feature=related

4. Wind Instruments Piri - used in both the folk and classical (court) music of Korea. It is made of bamboo. Its large reed and cylindrical bore gives it a sound mellower than that of many other types of oboe.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5MWuIb_BqXA&feature=related

5. Percussion Instrument Changgo - is the most widely used drum used in the traditional music of Korea. It is available in most kinds, and consists of an hourglass-shaped body with two heads made from animal skin. The two heads produce sounds of different pitch and timbre, which when played together are believed to represent the harmony of man and woman.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iXrcY-tXiv4

After listening and watching videos and recordings of traditional instrumental and vocal music of Japan, China, and Korea, we can easily say that the different cultural and musical practices of East Asia are revealed through the musical elements used. Vocal Timbre – nasal and throaty Rhythm – duple, triple, quadruple Melody – pentatonic scale, diatonic scale Texture – monophony (a capella); homophony (with chordal accompaniment); heterophony (same melody but ornamented by several instruments) Form – Strophic (using the same tune on different verses)

Activity 1: Song Analysis Directions: Sing the Yosen scale and the song “Sakura”. Analyze the different musical elements used. Sakura - Cherry Blossoms is a traditional Japanese folk song depicting spring, the season of cherry blossoms. spring, the season of cherry blossoms.