OVERVIEW OF HUMAN ANAOMY & PHYSIOLOGY Chapter 1

OVERVIEW Anatomy is the study of structure Physiology is the study of function Form follows function - function follows form

ORGANIZATION Human body is complex Adjusts to environment at atomic level SystemSystem OrganOrgan TissuesTissues CellsCells MoleculesMolecules AtomsAtoms

ORGAN SYSTEMS Integumentary Skeletal Muscular Nervous Endocrine Cardiovascular Lymphatic Immune Respiratory Digestive Urinary Reproductive

INTEGUMENTARY Protection Thermoregulation Detects external environment Cushions Vitamin D production

SKELETAL SYSTEM Protection Cushioning Mineral storage Blood cell formation System of levers

MUSCULAR Body movement Movement of blood and lymph Facial expressions Lifting of objects Sitting, standing, squatting

Nervous Uses neurotransmitters Responds to changes in environment rapidly Assesses stimuli and determines reaction Maintains homeostasis

ENDOCRINE Uses hormones to respond to internal changes Responds to changes slowly Regulates: urine output, reproduction, growth, development,digestion, blood pressure, responses to stress Maintains homeostasis

CARDIOVASCULAR Transports: nutrients and cell waste oxygen and carbon dioxide hormones proteins RBCs and WBCs

LYMPHATIC & IMMUNE Lymphatic filters and returns extracellular fluid to the blood stream Immune system monitors blood and lymph for: Toxins, Drugs & Chemicals Bacteria, Virus & Parasites Cancer

RESPIRATORY Exchange of gases (O 2 and CO 2 ) Maintains acid base balance of blood

DIGESTIVE Breaks down and metabolism of ingested food Excretion of solid waste

URINARY Maintains: blood volume and pressure acid base balance of blood electrolyte balance Excretion of liquid waste

REPRODUCTION Production of secondary sexual characteristics Gamete production and development Development of the fetus

MAINTAINING LIFE For Life Maintain boundaries Movement Responsiveness Digestion Metabolism Excretion of waste Reproduction Growth

MAINTAINING LIFE SURVIVAL NEEDS Nutrients Oxygen Water Body temperature Atmospheric pressure

HOMEOSTASIS Responds to changes in internal environment Internal environment maintained within a narrow range Steady state or dynamic state rather than equilibrium All systems work together 3 components: receptor, command center, effector

HOMER-OSTASIS Receptor Command CenterEffector

HOMEOSTASIS

FEEDBACK MECHANISMS Positive feedback -change in a variable in any direction Negative feedback -slows or stops a change in a variable

BODY CAVITIES

MEDICAL IMAGING Commuted Tomography (CT) Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA) Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Ultrasound Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Doppler Imaging