Research Paper Questions Please answer the following on your own piece of paper: 1.How did the research and writing process go for you? 2. What was helpful? 3. What would have made it better?

Entry Task 1. Please get out your own piece of paper and answer the following: 2. Write 5 qualities that are important for a monarch to posses and why 3. Turn to the person sitting next you and share what you have written down

Definitions Divine Right: the idea that God created the monarch and that the monarch acted as God’s representative on Earth. Absolutism: political belief that one ruler should hold all of the power within the boundaries of a country Monarchy: a government in which power is in the hands of a single person Absolute Monarch: Kings or Queens who held all of the power within their states’ boundaries

CAUSES Religious and territorial conflicts created fear and uncertainty The growth of armies to deal with conflicts caused rulers to raise taxes to pay troops Heavy taxes led to additional unrest and peasant revolts ABSOLUTISM EFFECTS Rulers regulated religious worship and social gatherings to control the spread of ideas Rulers increased the size of their courts to appear more powerful Rulers created bureaucracies to control their countries’ economies

Questions Will an absolute monarch be a suitable government style? Why or why not? What are positives of Absolute Monarchy? What is a negative aspect of Absolute Monarchy?

Spanish Monarchs Philip II Son of Charles V Inherited – Spain – Spanish Netherlands – American Colonies

Philip II Shy, serious, hard working and deeply religious Seized the Portuguese kingdom after the king had passed (his uncle) – Africa, India and East Indies Large empire = incredible wealth “His smile and dagger were very close”

By the numbers By the year 1600 Philip had… – 339,000 pounds of gold – 16,000 tons of silver – ¼ of every shipload of treasures became his royal share – An army of 50,000 soldiers

Spain had seen religious conflict prior – Reconquista – Inquisition His duty to defend Catholicism – Muslim in the Ottoman Empire – Protestants in Europe 1571, the Pope called upon the Catholics to defend their faith

Spanish Armada Philip’s response to the Pope More than 200 ships sent to defeat other religions – Defeated a large Ottoman Empire fleet Set out to punish Queen Elizabeth and protestants – Surprisingly, the Spanish were defeated

Enemies Become Rich

The Dutch Revolt

Unique Qualities – Netherlands Practiced religious tolerance – Mostly Protestant, but many Jews and Catholics lived there, no issues Not a kingdom but a republic Traders – very wealthy (little natural resources in Netherlands) Largest fleet of ships in the world – 4,800 by 1636 Dominated Asian spice trade Become bigger bankers than the Italians in Florence

Monarchs Power is Growing Decline of feudalism Rise of cities and growth of kingdoms – Centralize authority Growing middle class – Peaceful and supportive climate – Ultimately more money Use wealth to pay for own ambitions Decreased church authority

Prussia Another state to emerge from the Holy Roman Empire Another state to emerge from the Holy Roman Empire Beginning of German unity – sort of Beginning of German unity – sort of Prussia – Northern Germany – Berlin area Prussia – Northern Germany – Berlin area Frederick William I is King Frederick William I is King – Sees destruction of Thirty Years War and vows to always have a strong army – Prussia becomes a military state

Prussia Develops Monarchies Ruling family – Hohenzollerns Ambitious family Frederick William I – Elector of Brandenburg Created one of the best armies Developing an absolute monarch Permanent taxation Weakened representative assemblies Rigidly controlled – highly militarized society

Frederick the Great Son of Frederick William I Tried to follow military footsteps of his father Softened some rules – Encouraged religious tolerance – legal reform A prince… is only the first servant of the state, who is obliged to act with probity (honesty) and prudence… As the sovereign is properly the head of a family of citizens, the father of his people, he ought on all occasions to be the last refuge of the unfortunate.

The first characteristic of the sovereign prince is the power to make general and special laws, but – and this qualification is important – without the consent of superiors, equals or inferiors. If the prince requires the consent of superiors, then he is a subject himself; if that of equals, he shares his authority with others; if that of his subjects, senate or people, he is not sovereign.

The Hapsburg Family

Charles V gave up his throne Ferdinand II – head of the Hapsburg family – Gained control of HRE Ruled the Czech kingdom of Bohemia Foreigner catholic – little trust from Protestants Started the Thirty years’ war – Conflict of religion and territory

Large empires and kingdoms throughout central Europe become weak Families try to fill this void by developing absolute monarchies.

Austria Grows stronger Austrian Hapsburg take steps to become monarchs 1. During the thirty years’ war they conquer Bohemia – created a new Czech nobility 2. Centralized the government and created a standing army 3. Retake Hungary from the Ottoman Empire Charles VI becomes ruler – Diverse group of subjects

Hapsburg continue their power Charles VI wanted to make sure the power would stay with the family Persuaded other leaders to agree to recognize his eldest daughter as his heir – Does this sound familiar?? This agreement stated… – Guaranteed a peaceful reign What actually happened… – Faced many years of war – Main enemy was Prussia

War of Austrian Succession ( ) Maria Theresa bribed Hungary into staying on her side—hence Austria-Hungary Got the backing of Britain, of course, but they just gave her money Fought her opponents to a stalemate and won back all seized land, except Silesia.

Austrian Golden Age Maria Theresa establishes a court in Vienna Reforms the church—made the monarchy far less tied to Catholicism Cleaned house with the nobles—made them intermingle Created a expansive bureaucracy Revamped military Created a trading network, not with colonies but over European empire

The Seven Years War ( ) AKA, The French and Indian War Austria, France and Russia VS. Britain and Prussia First time Russia plays a major role in European affairs 1 st war between the oceans – global war Mainly started over colonial and Austrian Succession vendettas Battled to a stalemate on the continent Real winner was again, England, who crushed France and kicked them out of N. America Austria lost nothing for starting this mess and stayed in power

Crash Course – Seven Years War

Exit Slip On your own piece of paper answer the following: 1. What is Absolutism? 2. What is divine right? 3.I learned… 4.I want to know more about… 5. Questions I still have are…

Absolute Rulers of Russia Use the textbook and read pages Provide definitions for the following terms/people: – Ivan the Terrible – Boyars – Westernization – Peter the Great Answer the following questions – DUE AT END OF CLASS 1.Why was Russia culturally different from Western Europe? 2.How did Ivan the terrible deal with his enemies during the “bad period”? 3.What were ways that Peter tried to westernize Russia? 4.Who do you think was more of an absolute Monarch: Ivan the Terrible or Peter the Great? 5.Which of Peter’s actions in building St. Petersburg show his power as an absolute monarch?