Geologic History of the Earth. Star Formation begins with a nudge…

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Presentation transcript:

Geologic History of the Earth

Star Formation begins with a nudge…

Formation of the Solar System

Planetary accretion

Why terrestrials and Jovians?

Terrestrial Composition

Jovian Composition

Leftover Debris

Kuiper Belt

Oort Cometary Cloud

Formation of the Moon (4.5 BYA)

Structure of the Earth’s Interior

Heaviest impacts lasted 100 million years Tapered off 3.5 billion years ago Evidence? Impacts still occur today Early Bombardments

Cratered Worlds

Earth was not formed with atmosphere Gasses brought by planetesimals Outgassing and impacts released gasses H 2 0 CO 2 N 2 H 2 S SO 2 Water vapor condensed to form oceans Oceans were in place 4.3 – 4.4 BYA Formation of the Oceans and Atmosphere

Earth’s Primitive Atmosphere Produced by outgassing Formed 4.3 – 4.4 billion years ago? Rich in hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen CO CO 2 N 2 H 2 O some H H 2 Contained complex molecules from ISM Hydrogen lingered for a few million years

Atmospheric Retention Molecular velocity Planetary Escape Velocity photodissociation

Evolution of the Earth’s Atmosphere Oxygen Levels [Currently ~21%] billion years ago Photosynthesis Originally oxidation kept pace with oxygen production (CO  CO 2, rust) Evolution of large plants, trees, flowers, grasses (600 MYA)

Creation of Ozone (O 3 ) O 2 + UV  O + O O + O 2  O 3 Requires the absence of hydrogen Significantly increased 600 MYA Ozone allowed life to venture onto land

Nitrogen Levels [Currently ~ 78%] Liberated by outgassing Significance of denitrifying bacteria Atmospheric nitric oxide (N+O)  rain  soil/oceans  bacteria  atmosphere Evolution of the Earth’s Atmosphere

Argon [Currently ~ 1%] Inert: formed by radioactive decay of potassium Liberated by outgassing Evolution of the Earth’s Atmosphere

Carbon dioxide [Currently ~0.01%] Dominated early atmosphere “locked up” in calcium carbonates (limestone, chalks) Evolution of the Earth’s Atmosphere

Carbon cycle Accelerated by living sea creatures

Does the geologic history of the Earth lead to the formation of life? Does this make life unique to the Earth? Atmosphere has been altered by life Existence of extrasolar planets has been confirmed

Chapter 11: 260 – 278 (Q: 1, 2, 3) Chapter 8: 189 – 196 (Q: 2, 3, 4)