PLANTS The plant kingdom is divided into both non-vascular and vascular plants.

All plants are eukaryotic, multi-cellular, and non-mobile.

Flowering plants AKA Angiosperms Have specialized reproductive organs called flowers Have specialized reproductive organs called flowers Within the flower are the Within the flower are the MALE stamen MALE stamen FEMALE pistil FEMALE pistil

In A Vascular Plant…

1. Leaves A: Functions a. Makes and stores food for the plant b. site of gas exchange like Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide

1. Leaves… continued c. Respiration d. Photosynthesis B. Tissues of the Leaf: a. Cuticle: waxy substance that covers the leaves and stems. Waterproof layer that keeps water in plants b. Stomata: openings mainly located on the underside of leaves. Helps with exchange of gas c. Vascular tissues: called vessels. Examples are xylem and phloem.

2. Stem A. Functions a. movement of materials (through xylem and phloem) b. Support flower & reproductive structures c. Food storage d. Xylem: the tissue that transports water & nutrients UP from roots to stems and leaves e. Phloem: tissue that transports food DOWN from leaves to roots

Stem – carries substances between the plant’s roots and leaves; provides support for the plant and holds up the leaves so they are exposed to the sun.

Internal Structures Xylem – vascular tissue that carries water and minerals from the roots to other parts of a plant Xylem – vascular tissue that carries water and minerals from the roots to other parts of a plant Phloem – vascular tissue that carries food from leaves to other parts of the plant Phloem – vascular tissue that carries food from leaves to other parts of the plant

3. Roots A. Functions: a. Anchors the plant b. Absorbs water & minerals c. Store food (starches) d. Can also support some plants

External Structures Roots – a structure that anchors a plant in the ground, absorbs water and minerals from the soil and sometimes stores food in the form of starch. Roots – a structure that anchors a plant in the ground, absorbs water and minerals from the soil and sometimes stores food in the form of starch.

4. Flower A. Function a. Contains the reproductive organs for the plant b. Produces fruit, which protects, nourishes and carries seeds c. Attracts insects for pollination

Flower Continued B. Parts of the Flower a. sepal: outer covering of the flower bud that protects the stamens and pistils when flower is in the bud stage b. Petals: brightly colored, protects stamen & pistils, attracts pollinating insects

c. Stamen (male): i. anther: produces pollen (sperm) ii. Filament: supports the anther

d. Pistil (female): i. ovary: enlarged portion at base of pistil, Produces eggs/ovules which develop into seeds ii. Stigma: holds the pollen grain iii. Style: Connects the stigma with the ovary, holds the stigma so that it cam be pollinated

Parts of a Flower Sepal – leaflike structures that protect the developing flower and are often green Petals – a colorful, leaflike structure of some flowers Sepal – leaflike structures that protect the developing flower and are often green Petals – a colorful, leaflike structure of some flowers

Stamen Made of filament that holds up anther Made of filament that holds up anther The anther produces the pollen The anther produces the pollen

Pistil Has a sticky stigma Has a sticky stigma Held up by the style Held up by the style The style connects the stigma to the ovary The style connects the stigma to the ovary The ovary contains the eggs The ovary contains the eggs

Pollination Pollen sticks to the stigma and falls down the style to the ovary Pollen sticks to the stigma and falls down the style to the ovary The eggs are fertilized and become seeds The eggs are fertilized and become seeds Then the ovary turns into a fruit. Then the ovary turns into a fruit.

Germination Seed plants go through a variety of developmental stages Seed plants go through a variety of developmental stages Beginining with germination of the seed Beginining with germination of the seed The seed contains the young plant and stored food The seed contains the young plant and stored food Germination requires water Germination requires water

Tropism – the growth response of a plant toward or away from a stimulus Plants respond to environmental stimuli Plants respond to environmental stimuli Thigmotropism – response to touch Thigmotropism – response to touch Examples: bladderworts, grape vines Examples: bladderworts, grape vines Phototropism – response to light Phototropism – response to light All plants show phototropism All plants show phototropism Leaves, stems, and flowers grow toward light Leaves, stems, and flowers grow toward light Gravitropism – response to gravity Gravitropism – response to gravity Roots show POSITIVE gravitropism – grow toward gravity (down) Roots show POSITIVE gravitropism – grow toward gravity (down) Stems show NEGATIVE gravitropism – grow against the force of gravity (up) Stems show NEGATIVE gravitropism – grow against the force of gravity (up)

Non-Vascular plants… Are low growing Are low growing Do not have roots Do not have roots Obtain water and materials directly from their environment or nearby cells Obtain water and materials directly from their environment or nearby cells

Transpiration – the process by which water evaporates from a plant’s leaf