LEANN MORRIS WALDEN UNIVERSITY - EDUC 8841 DIFFUSION AND INTEGRATION OF TECHNOLOGY IN EDUCATION FALL 2010 Wikis in Education

What is a wiki? A website where anyone can edit anything anytime they want. (Richardson, 2006)

4 Stages of Innovation Development of the Wiki 1. Need 2.Research 3. Development 4. Commercialization Wiki Video Library

1. Need Class Communication  Web 1.0 One Way Communication  Web 2.0 Two Way Communication Collaboration between teachers Professional Development Communication with Parents Authentic and Purposeful Work Content Driven Student Portfolios Group Project Assignments Literature Circles for Collaborative Writing

2. Research Philosophy: The process is the product. Social Constructivism – Piaget Active Learning vs. Passive Learning Everyone has an opportunity to contribute to knowledge. Develop writing and social skills by learning about group consensus Wikipedia Founder, Jimmy Wales in 2001

3. Development Inventor – Ward Cunningham – Programmer in Portland, OR in 1995 Originally for business Knowledge Repository Communities of Practice Spreading Awareness and Benefits for Education Educational Uses

4. Commercialization Unblock first at schools for education use

5 Stages in the Innovation-Decision Process for the Wiki 1. Knowledge (1994) 2. Persuasion ( ) 3. Decision ( ) 4. Implementation ( ) 5. Confirmation (2007-Present)

1. Knowledge of the Wiki (1994)1994 Ward Cunningham, Inventor in Portland, OR Recall of information – similar to original Hypercard Pre- World Wide Web hypertext systems Comprehension of information about the wiki Skills needed for effective adoption of the wiki

2. Persuasion of the Wiki ( ) Formation of a positive image with Wiki Wiki Web, the first wiki Support for early wiki websites for software development Liking the wiki Acceptance of information about the wiki Discussion of the wiki with others

3. Decision of the Wiki ( ) Intention to seek additional information about the wiki Intention to try the wiki – Wikipedia Development of wiki software Wikimedia Foundation created

4. Implementation of the Wiki ( ) Explosion in interest for Wikipedia and other Wikimedia projects Acquisition of additional information about the wiki Use of the wiki is now on a regular basis Continued use of the wiki by many people.

5. Confirmation of the Wiki (2007-Present)2007-Present Integration of the wiki into routines Wikis enter the mainstream Recognition of the benefits of using the wiki Promotion of wikis to others in every facet of work, play and education

Communication Channels (1994 – Present)1994 – Present Interpersonal networks needed among colleagues, friends and family is critical.  Verbal  Non-Verbal  Face-to-Face  Virtual

Adoption Rate of the Wiki in Society The number of wiki accounts across the Internet is unknown due to the varied wiki hosting sites that continue to grow for different purposes. The S-Curve for the adoption rate of Wikipedia is shown on the previous slide with 13,211,465 named accounts with about 250,o00 new accounts created every month, and the number is growing.

S-Curve for Adoption Rate of the Wiki in Society

Wikipedia – Sum of All Human Knowledge “Imagine a world in which every single person on the planet is given free access to the sum of all human knowledge. That’s what we’re doing.” -- Jimmy Wales, Wikipedia Founder (Wales, 2004)

How do we trust the content of Wikipedia? Most everyone’s first reaction to that is it sounds more like Whackypedia, and how can the information read there be trusted. Thankfully, there are vastly more editors who want to make it right than those who want to make it wrong. (Wiki-Man Song)Wiki-Man Song Welcome to Wikipedia,Wikipedia the free encyclopedia that anyone can edit.freeencyclopedia anyone can edit 3,478,2843,478,284 articles in EnglishEnglish (as of )

Innovators and Early Adopters Teachers who are technology literate and:  See the value and benefit of using a wiki with their students  Understand the simple ease of use (How to Create a Wiki!)(How to Create a Wiki!)

Five Perceived Attributes of Innovations 1. Relative Advantage 2. Compatibility 3. Complexity 4. Trialability 5. Observability

Laggards Teachers who are not comfortable using technology and:  Do not see the benefit of using a wiki with their students  Think it is just one more thing to do  Do not see the advantage for communication and collaboration

1. Relative Advantage Will the football be pulled again, Charlie Brown? The degree to which the wiki is perceived as better than previous forms of collaborative communication. (Rogers, 2003) “Shift Happens”

2. Compatibility The degree to which the wiki is perceived as consistent with existing values, past experiences and needs of potential adopters. (Rogers, 2003)

3. Complexity The degree to which the wiki is perceived as relatively difficult to understand and to use. (Rogers, 2003) Wikis are shown in a very simplistic manner on YouTube! Click here to watch this video!

4. Trialability The degree to which the wiki may be experimented with on a limited basis. (Rogers, 2003)

5. Observability The degree to which the results of using a wiki are visible to others.

Decentralized Diffusion of Wikis Wide sharing of knowledge and control among the teachers about. Teachers diffuse wikis to other teachers at own school and other schools. Wikis come from experimentation by teachers, who are the innovators. Use of wikis are created by perceived need by teachers as a communication and collaboration tool.

Key Change Agents and Roles for Carson City School District  Technology teachers at each school  Classroom teachers who are technology innovators 1. Develop a need to use wikis. 2. Establish an information exchange relationship with other teachers about how to use a wiki. 3. Diagnose problems. 4. Create an intent for other teachers to use wikis. 5. Translate an intent into action through working with peers in interpersonal networks. 6. Stabilize adoption and prevent discontinuance. 7. Promote teachers to obtain self-reliance when using wikis.

Strategy for Getting to Critical Mass with the Wiki The wiki should be introduced to specific groups of teachers at each school who are likely to be relatively more innovative.

Meeting Critical Mass in Education All teachers must be able to experiment using a wiki, to understand how simple and easy to use they are, and why they should use it for a communication and collaboration tool with their students. We can send the Wiki Patrol out ! Perceived Attributes Relative Advantage Complexity Trialability

Wiki Hosting Sites for Education PB Works  Edmodo  WikiSpaces  How to Create an Education Wiki using WikiSpaces

National Educational Technology Standards for Students (NETS-S) – Advancing Digital Age LearningNETS-S 21 st Century Learning Skills Demonstrate creativity and innovation Communicate and collaborate Conduct research and use information Think critically, solve problems, and make decisions Use technology effectively and productively

Need for 21 st Century Learning We want our students to be able to use 21st Century tools in able to collaborate effectively not only with their classmates, but also with peers throughout the district and indeed, the world. We need to enhance opportunities for research, writing, and editing for a real life audience and in authentic situations. Our students do not have accounts. Safety and security of our K-12 students.

References Adoption Rate of Using Wikis. (2010). Retrieved from Timeline at and Chatfield, T.B. (2009). The Complete Guide to Wikis. Ocala, FL: Atlantic Publishing Group, Inc. Eight Ways to Use School Wikis. (2009). Retrieved fromhttp:// Engrstrom, M.E., & Jewett, D. (2005). Collaborative learning the wiki way. TechTrends, 49(6), Everything Wiki (n.d.) Retrieved from History of wikis (2010). Wikipedia. Retrieved from ISTE (2007). NETS-S. Retrieved from Lamb, B. (2004). Wide open spaces: Wikis, ready or not. Educause Review, 39 (5). Retrieved from Leu, D.J., Kinzer, C.K., Coiro, J., Cammck, D.W. (2004). Toward a theory of new literacies emerging from the Internet and other information and communication technologies. Theoretical Models and Processes of Reading, 5, Newark, DE: International Reading Association. Retrieved from Leu.pdf&key=C08F75C1-038F-418B-A9AA-86A73794E160 Leu.pdf&key=C08F75C1-038F-418B-A9AA-86A73794E160 Oatman, E. (2005). Easy-to-use software that lets students collaborate is heading to your school. School Library Journal. Retrieved from Oliver, K.M., & Corn, J.O. (2008). Student-reported differences in technology use and skills after the implementation of one-to-one computing. Educational Media International, 45(3), Retrieved from Pandolph, A. (2008). Interview: The state of wikis in education. Retrieved from Richardson, W. (2006). Blogs, Wikis, Podcasts, and Other Powerful Web Tools for Classrooms. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press. Rogers, E. M. (2003). Diffusion of innovations (5th ed.). New York, NY: Free Press. Schroeder, B. (2008). 10 best practices for using wikis in education. Retrieved from Sheehy, G. (2008). The wiki as knowledge repository: Using a wiki in a community of practice to strengthen K-12 education. TechTrends, 52 (6), Wales, J. (2004). Jimmy Wales. Wikiquote. Retrieved from What is a wiki? (2010). Retrieved from Wheeler, S., Yeomans, P., Wheeler, D. (2008). The Good, the Bad and the Wiki: Evaluating Student-Generated Content for Collaborative Learning. British Journal of Educational Technology, 39(6), Retrieved from Woods, D. & Thoeny, P. (2007). Wikis for Dummies. Indianapolis, IN: Wiley Publishing, Inc.

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