Emotional & Social Development Adolescence

Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory of Personality Development 0-18mo 18m-3y Most experience some role confusion Develop a firm sense of who you are: identity

Self-Understanding Self-concept Self-concept –Early: socially-oriented, descriptions often contradictory –Mid to late: descriptions organized & integrated by use of qualifiers “Shy & outgoing”, “smart & an airhead” “Mostly shy around my parents, but not around friends because they listen to me”

Self-Understanding Self-esteem Self-esteem –New dimensions: close friends, romantic appeal, job How does self-esteem change in adolescence?

Self-esteem changes in adolescence

Self-Understanding Self-esteem Self-esteem –New dimensions: close friends, romantic appeal, job –Poor academic competence –Conditional peers or parental support: false self Do you think self-esteem changes in adolescence? What leads to low self-esteem?

Did you have an “identity crisis” or evaluate your identity in adolescence?

Identity Statuses (James Marcia) LowHigh High Low Degree of Crisis Degree of commitment to roles & values AchievementForeclosure Moratorium Identity diffusion

What does research show? LowHigh High Low Degree of Crisis Degree of commitment to roles & values AchievementForeclosure Moratorium Identity diffusion 1.Variability, but… 2.Finished by end adolescence… not usually

Outcomes & Influences Outcomes Outcomes –Moratorium related to better self-esteem, critical thinking, & moral reasoning –Foreclosed are inflexible & intolerant –Long-term diffused teenagers are at greatest risk for maladjustment ** Factors that affect identity development ** ** Factors that affect identity development **

In-Class Activity 6 The purpose of this assignment is to become familiar with the methods used to assess morality and each of Kohlberg’s stages of moral understanding.

Morality LevelStage Social orientation Preconventional1 Obedience & punishment 2 Instrumental & individualism Conventional3 “good boy-good girl” 4 Law & order Postconventional5 Social contract 6 Principled conscience/ethics

Peer Relationships American adolescence spend less than 15% of waking hours with parents

Cliques & Crowds

CliquesCrowds 5-7 same-aged, gender members (**dating**) Large, loosely organized group Close friendships & direct interaction Reputation & style, time with others varies “the plastics” Context to acquire social skills & experiment with values & roles Offers security of temporary identity as separate from family who adolescents “hang out” with “jocks”

** Peer Conformity ** ** Problems of adolescent development**