Johannes Keizer Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN Library and Documentation Systems Division The Agricultural Ontology Service: A Proposal to Create a Knowledge Organisation Framework in the Area of Food and Agriculture Workshop Oxford The Agricultural Ontology Service : A Proposal to Create a Knowledge Organisation Framework in the area of Food and Agriculture

Johannes Keizer Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN Library and Documentation Systems Division The Agricultural Ontology Service: A Proposal to Create a Knowledge Organisation Framework in the Area of Food and Agriculture Workshop Oxford Slide 2 FAO’s interest in Knowledge Management We need to organize our own information production to enhance the productivity of FAO officers in the world We need to make FAO’s information accessible to Decision Makers and Technical Specialists all over the world We need to make all relevant Information sources accessible in the World for our member countries and FAO officers.

Johannes Keizer Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN Library and Documentation Systems Division The Agricultural Ontology Service: A Proposal to Create a Knowledge Organisation Framework in the Area of Food and Agriculture Workshop Oxford Slide 3 The main problems Information retrieval is inaccurate and incomplete. Little domain interoperability, cross domain searching needs high efforts The work of knowledge organization is done without coordination and by duplicating efforts Machine systems are inefficient or tend to be proprietary or closed in a specific application The new possibilities of the web and the electronic availability of Information Objects are not fully exploited

Johannes Keizer Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN Library and Documentation Systems Division The Agricultural Ontology Service: A Proposal to Create a Knowledge Organisation Framework in the Area of Food and Agriculture Workshop Oxford Slide 4 The Evolution of Knowledge Management Card and computer catalogues Human indexing and document annotating Web catalogues on the templates of traditional catalogs Machine readable metadata (RDF) Machine indexing and document annotating Semantic WebWebPre-Web Full Text Search engines (Semantic text analysis) Full Text Search engines (Statistical text analysis) Implicit knowledge based web portals Formal Knowledge based web portals Ontologies Thesauri, Classification Schemes, Glossaries, Keyword Lists, Text Mining by Robots Human reading, checking and ordering

Johannes Keizer Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN Library and Documentation Systems Division The Agricultural Ontology Service: A Proposal to Create a Knowledge Organisation Framework in the Area of Food and Agriculture Workshop Oxford Slide 5 What is an Ontology? It is a buzz word, but also something very simple Everyone creates “Ontologies” A directory structure on a hard disk is an ontology A personal agenda is an ontology A bibliographical catalogue is an ontology But: Humans might survive without ontologies, but humans have intuition Machine have no intuition Machine need formal information

Johannes Keizer Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN Library and Documentation Systems Division The Agricultural Ontology Service: A Proposal to Create a Knowledge Organisation Framework in the Area of Food and Agriculture Workshop Oxford Slide 6 Do we need Ontologies? An ontology is a formal knowledge organization (representation system). It contains concepts Information about these concepts Relations between these concepts and instances, And it contains information about the relations between instances and concepts

Johannes Keizer Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN Library and Documentation Systems Division The Agricultural Ontology Service: A Proposal to Create a Knowledge Organisation Framework in the Area of Food and Agriculture Workshop Oxford Slide 7  Classification Relations--class-subclass relations.  Meronymic Relations--used to describe part-of relationships.  Temporal Relations--define the time interval and time point aspects of an ontology.  Spatial Relations--used to describe space relationships between objects.  Influence Relations--expresses an impact or effect one object has on another.  Dependency Relations--describes an objects dependency on another.  Case Relations--provides ability to express a knowledge structure without which the relation cannot exist. Defining relations in an ontology- Important relationships that should be introduced in the AOS

Johannes Keizer Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN Library and Documentation Systems Division The Agricultural Ontology Service: A Proposal to Create a Knowledge Organisation Framework in the Area of Food and Agriculture Workshop Oxford Slide 8 Sample ontology for crop pest management

Johannes Keizer Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN Library and Documentation Systems Division The Agricultural Ontology Service: A Proposal to Create a Knowledge Organisation Framework in the Area of Food and Agriculture Workshop Oxford Slide 9 In which areas Ontologies can help (1) Teaching machines to have some intelligence Automatic indexing and text annotation tools Better machine translation Text Mining on the Web (meaning-oriented access) Full text search engines that create meaningful classification (FAO-Schwartz not related to FAO) (semantic clustering)

Johannes Keizer Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN Library and Documentation Systems Division The Agricultural Ontology Service: A Proposal to Create a Knowledge Organisation Framework in the Area of Food and Agriculture Workshop Oxford Slide 10 In which areas Ontologies can help (2) Better structure and organization of knowledge on the web Knowledge maps Guided discovery of knowledge Easy retrievability of information without using complicated Boolean logic

Johannes Keizer Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN Library and Documentation Systems Division The Agricultural Ontology Service: A Proposal to Create a Knowledge Organisation Framework in the Area of Food and Agriculture Workshop Oxford Slide To build dynamic taxonomies (ordered classification) through automatic classification operation eg. Crop agronomic crop peanuts cotton fruit crop vegetable crop 2. Support for Natural Language Processing through concept matching and query processing locate a concept based on a description find other similar objects in the ontology Applications of ontologies

Johannes Keizer Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN Library and Documentation Systems Division The Agricultural Ontology Service: A Proposal to Create a Knowledge Organisation Framework in the Area of Food and Agriculture Workshop Oxford Slide To aid information retrieval through automatic document clustering....closely associated documents tend to be relevant to the same requests Information Management tasks that can be performed using an ontology

Johannes Keizer Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN Library and Documentation Systems Division The Agricultural Ontology Service: A Proposal to Create a Knowledge Organisation Framework in the Area of Food and Agriculture Workshop Oxford Slide 13 1.Expressing information needs using natural languages Example: what insects damage soybean leaves? 2. Finding the concept in the ontology InsectDamageSoybean leaves 3. Analysing the grammatical pattern with in the stated sentence (syntactic analysis) 4. Mapping the grammatical structure into objects in the ontology (semantic analysis) 5. Drawing inferences between the user’s query and objects in the database 6. Displaying the results to the user Steps in using ontology for Natural Language Processing- a simplified view

Johannes Keizer Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN Library and Documentation Systems Division The Agricultural Ontology Service: A Proposal to Create a Knowledge Organisation Framework in the Area of Food and Agriculture Workshop Oxford Slide 14 AOS: Possible Use... (1) Records found: 5 1. xxxxxxxxxxx 2. xxxxxxxxxxx 3. xxxxxxxxxxx 4. xxxxxxxxxxx 5. xxxxxxxxxxx Biotopes Cropping systems using forests Economics of forest production Forestry equipment Soil science You may also be interested in... What would you like to view? Forest rights issues Parasites of forests Pesticides used in forests Types of forest products Uses of forest products Geographic area You can further limit by: x Africa Web page Type of resource

Johannes Keizer Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN Library and Documentation Systems Division The Agricultural Ontology Service: A Proposal to Create a Knowledge Organisation Framework in the Area of Food and Agriculture Workshop Oxford Slide 15 AOS: Possible Use... (2) Conservation agriculture Farmers like it because it gives them a means of conserving, improving and making more efficient use of their natural resources About camels and llamas Descendants of the same rabbit-sized mammal, they have become two of humanity's most versatile domestic animals Agribusiness and small farmers Well managed contract farming contributes to both increased income for producers and higher profits for investors Toward biosecurity Biological and environmental risks associated with food and agriculture have intensified with economic globalization Urban food marketing In the “century of cities”, a major challenge will be providing adequate quantities of nutritional and affordable food for urban inhabitants Crop science and ethics In order to continue their contribution to human development, crop scientists must regain credibility Use your right mouse button to learn more about an italicized word on the page. Biosecurity: management of all biological and environmental risks associated with food and agriculture, including forestry and fisheries See also: Biosafety Food Safety Risk Management Or are you interested in...: Food Security Biological Diversity Agricultural Web Page

Johannes Keizer Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN Library and Documentation Systems Division The Agricultural Ontology Service: A Proposal to Create a Knowledge Organisation Framework in the Area of Food and Agriculture Workshop Oxford Slide 16 What is the starting point? FAO maintains the multilingual thesaurus AGROVOC since the early 80s Other consistent thesauri are maintained by CABI in England and the National Agricultural Library in the States Various other knowledge organization systems are scattered around the world The existing systems are language biased with English as the leading language None of the systems is satisfactory for resource description and discovery purposes

Johannes Keizer Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN Library and Documentation Systems Division The Agricultural Ontology Service: A Proposal to Create a Knowledge Organisation Framework in the Area of Food and Agriculture Workshop Oxford Slide 17 Thesauri Contain Knowledge Thesauri were mostly used only for indexing and to help users in searching But thesauri are already knowledge organization systems Not only the vocabulary of concepts, but also the defined relations (BT, NT, RT, UF …) contain domain knowledge To leverage this knowledge in the context of Web technologies we need to develop them further

Johannes Keizer Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN Library and Documentation Systems Division The Agricultural Ontology Service: A Proposal to Create a Knowledge Organisation Framework in the Area of Food and Agriculture Workshop Oxford Slide 18 The Origin of the AOS - Project Born as the AGROVOC Taxonomy Server Agronomists were upset with the word taxonomy IT people were upset about the word server After XML2000 the word ontology started to become sexy... And fundable Now we are in the phase to define the project

Johannes Keizer Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN Library and Documentation Systems Division The Agricultural Ontology Service: A Proposal to Create a Knowledge Organisation Framework in the Area of Food and Agriculture Workshop Oxford Slide 19 Why an Agricultural Ontology Service (1) AGROVOC NAL Thesaurus CABI Thesaurus Dedicated KOSs Non-dedicated KOSs e.g., ASFA thesaurus e.g., the Multilingual Forestry Thesaurus e.g., the Sustainable Development website classification e.g., biological taxonomies such as NCBI and ITIS GEMET Other thematic thesauri Existing Thesauri and Knowledge Organization Systems (KOSs)

Johannes Keizer Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN Library and Documentation Systems Division The Agricultural Ontology Service: A Proposal to Create a Knowledge Organisation Framework in the Area of Food and Agriculture Workshop Oxford Slide 20 Why an Agricultural Ontology Service (2) FAO can be a neutral point of co-ordination Central access-point to domain knowledge Re-usability of domain knowledge Involvement of a high number of subject specialists Clear and distributed responsibilities for maintenance Federation of Institutions to manage this service Possibility of business plan to assure sustainability

Johannes Keizer Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN Library and Documentation Systems Division The Agricultural Ontology Service: A Proposal to Create a Knowledge Organisation Framework in the Area of Food and Agriculture Workshop Oxford Slide 21 AOS: A reference point on the web DefinitionsLabelsRelations?????? Concept Attributes Responsible Party URI, e.g.,

Johannes Keizer Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN Library and Documentation Systems Division The Agricultural Ontology Service: A Proposal to Create a Knowledge Organisation Framework in the Area of Food and Agriculture Workshop Oxford Slide 22 An architecture for federated AOS Ontology + metadata repository System 1 Normalised Ontology Ontology + metadata repository System 2 Normalised Ontology Merged Ontology- THE AOS Local Ontology Forestry Portal (application on merged ontology) OneFish Portal (application on merged ontology) Crop Portal (application on merged ontology) Common data model for local ontologies

Johannes Keizer Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN Library and Documentation Systems Division The Agricultural Ontology Service: A Proposal to Create a Knowledge Organisation Framework in the Area of Food and Agriculture Workshop Oxford Slide 23 AOS: Possible Use... (3) Create your own ontologies using the AOS The AOS provides the necessary building blocks to create your own ontologies. Follow the following simple steps to create your ontology instantly. Domain Authority Ontology Content & Structure Language Representation

Johannes Keizer Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN Library and Documentation Systems Division The Agricultural Ontology Service: A Proposal to Create a Knowledge Organisation Framework in the Area of Food and Agriculture Workshop Oxford Slide 24 AOS: Iterative Knowledge Registration KOS application KOS uses components to build an application Discussions and choices for amendments to components KOS partner Agricultural Ontology Service (AOS) Federated storage and description facility Components: terms, definitions, relationships KOS partner Components: terms, definitions, relationships Users search and browse application using components User feedback

Johannes Keizer Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN Library and Documentation Systems Division The Agricultural Ontology Service: A Proposal to Create a Knowledge Organisation Framework in the Area of Food and Agriculture Workshop Oxford Slide 25 AOS: where we are The concept note has found interest in the domain area -- comments are mostly encouraging from all subject specialists, ontology developers and users A Launch Group has been established at the first workshop. The Launch Group is in charge to write a definite project proposal and to define the possible collaborations and the necessary management structures of the project A proposal for a fundable project (6 th framework) should be written Partnership of the most important stakeholders must be established Pilot projects are ongoing

Johannes Keizer Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN Library and Documentation Systems Division The Agricultural Ontology Service: A Proposal to Create a Knowledge Organisation Framework in the Area of Food and Agriculture Workshop Oxford Slide Information and Contacts

Johannes Keizer Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN Library and Documentation Systems Division The Agricultural Ontology Service: A Proposal to Create a Knowledge Organisation Framework in the Area of Food and Agriculture Workshop Oxford Slide 27 Possibility of mapping to register quicker and to accept different terminology How can local content made available We need examples about searches, at it is now and as it would be with the AOS. The usage slides have to be integrated Introduction of terminology precision….. Microsoft for funding Worldbank funding?? We need to do something (once, well, together) Importance of bibliographical databases: there is a kind of illiteracy between undergraduates who do not consider material that is not online available.

Johannes Keizer Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN Library and Documentation Systems Division The Agricultural Ontology Service: A Proposal to Create a Knowledge Organisation Framework in the Area of Food and Agriculture Workshop Oxford Slide 28 AOS Information Services Informatio n Managers Search engines Portals Topic maps Catalogues enduser Services Provide Ontology Input Ontology

Johannes Keizer Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN Library and Documentation Systems Division The Agricultural Ontology Service: A Proposal to Create a Knowledge Organisation Framework in the Area of Food and Agriculture Workshop Oxford Slide 29 Prototype Searchengine, that searches the web in arabic or chineses, using agrovoc