How does diffusion affect radiative efficiency measurements? Caroline Vaughan and Tim Gfroerer, Davidson College, Davidson, NC Mark Wanlass, National Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO Abstract Defect-related recombination can lower the efficiency of many semiconductor devices. We measure the radiative efficiency (the ratio of emitted to incident light) as a function of excitation laser power to investigate defect-related recombination in GaAs. Images of the emitted light reveal isolated dark regions where the radiative efficiency is reduced. We found a troubling result that radiative efficiency seems to be reduced by decreasing the laser excitation area. But our recombination model is incomplete because it does not account for diffusion or photon recycling. Our radiative efficiency measurements depend strongly on laser focusing, suggesting that these factors are important. We seek to model these effects computationally to explain how radiative efficiency depends on laser excitation area. Motivation Conduction Band Valence Band ENERGY Defect Level HEAT + - Conduction Band Valence Band LIGHT + Defect-related recombination occurs when an electron or hole is trapped in a defect energy level and recombines by releasing heat. This process takes away from the light produced by LED’s or the photocurrent generated by solar cells. - Defect-related RecombinationRadiative Recombination Raditative Efficiency Experimental Setup Photon Recycling Modeling Diffusion Conclusions When the laser is focused on a defect, we observe a dramatic difference in the way that the radiative efficiency depends on laser power. We observe a puzzling dependence of the radiative efficiency on laser spot size and hypothesize that it may be due to the diffusion of carriers and an added effect from photon recycling. The diffusion could have a large effect for the small laser spot, but would have a negligible effect on the large laser spot. With computer modeling we are working to match our experimental results to a theoretical hypothesis that would combine the effects of diffusion and photon recycling. We thank Jeff Carapella for growing the test structures and the Donors of the American Chemical Society – Petroleum Research Fund for supporting this work. Acknowledgments Focusing Analysis 100 μm Even though the radiative efficiency should only depend on the density of electrons and holes ( n ), which is determined by the laser power per area, we find a large shift in the efficiency curve when changing the spot size of the laser. Why might this be? Efficiency curves are measurements of the radiative efficiency (emitted / absorbed light) as a function of laser power per area. At lower excitations, n is smaller and the diffusion length is longer, so the effective area of excitation is greater. There are shorter diffusion lengths for high excitation, so the effective area of excitation is smaller. 2m2m Laser Excitation Luminescence Absorption Event Recombination Event Electrons Holes High Intensity LaserLow Intensity Laser Photon recycling is the re-absorption and possible re-emission of the photoluminescence emitted. For the focused laser, an emitted photon is more likely to move outside the small laser excitation area where n is small and re-emission is unlikely, while on the large laser spot, an emitted photon is more likely to be re-absorbed within the laser excitation area where n is large and re-emission is more probable. Re-absorption within the excitation area creates a higher net efficiency there, enhancing the photoluminescence. Diffusion 1. “Direct imaging of anisotropic minority-carrier diffusion in ordered GaInP” N. M. Haegel, T. J. Mills, M. Talmadge, C. Scandrett, C. L. Frenzen, H. Yoon, C. M. Fetzer, and R. R. King, J. Appl. Phys. 105, (2009), DOI: / “Measurement of 100 μm minority carrier diffusion lengths in p-GaAs by a new photoluminescence method” RJ Nelson, Inst. Phys. Conf. Ser. No. 45: Chapter 3 (1979) By taking the integral shown above, which accounts for both laser width and diffusion length, we are able to model the predicted effects of diffusion 1. But there seems to be a discrepancy between theory and experiment, especially near the laser center. By adding in a stronger generation rate due to photon recycling, we hope to find a better fit between the data and what we would theoretically expect. The recycling generation rate is equal to 2 : Barrier