Examining an Essential Question: “With the dawn of the 16 th century, there came together in Europe both the motivation and the means to explore and colonize territory across the seas.” Assess the validity of this statement with respect to (a) religion (b) trade (c) technology.

Religious Conflict Later years of Renaissance: intense religious zeal and conflict A. Catholic victory in Spain. B. Protestant revolt in northern Europe.

Expanding Trade A. Africa, India, China B. The significance of 1453 C. The role of Prince Henry the Navigator

Technology A. Increase in scientific knowledge and technological change B. Improvements of others’ inventions: 1. gunpowder 2. sailing compass C. Shipbuilding, mapmaking D. Printing press

A Map of the Known World, pre- 1492

New Maritime Technologies Hartman Astrolabe (1532) Better Maps [Portulan] Sextant Mariner’s Compass

New Weapons Technology

Christofo Colon [ ]

Columbus’ Four Voyages

Other Voyages of Exploration

Ferdinand Magellan & the First Circumnavigation of the World: Early 16 c

Atlantic Explorations

Fernando Cortez The First Spanish Conquests: The Aztecs Montezuma II vs.vs.

Mexico Surrenders to Cortez

Francisco Pizarro The First Spanish Conquests: The Incas Atahualpa vs.

Slaves Working in a Brazilian Sugar Mill

The “Columbian Exchange”  Squash  Avocado  Peppers  Sweet Potatoes  Turkey  Pumpkin  Tobacco  Quinine  Cocoa  Pineapple  Cassava  POTATO  Peanut  TOMATO  Vanilla  MAIZE  Syphilis  Olive  COFFEE BEAN  Banana  Rice  Onion  Turnip  Honeybee  Barley  Grape  Peach  SUGAR CANE  Oats  Citrus Fruits  Pear  Wheat  HORSE  Cattle  Sheep  Pigs  Smallpox  Flu  Typhus  Measles  Malaria  Diptheria  Whooping Cough  Trinkets  Liquor  GUNS

Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade

The Slave Trade 1.Existed in Africa before the coming of the Europeans. 2.Portuguese replaced European slaves with Africans. Sugar cane & sugar plantations. First boatload of African slaves brought by the Spanish in ,000 enslaved Africans exported to other countries. 3.Between 16 c & 19 c, about 10 million Africans shipped to the Americas.

Slave Ship “Middle Passage”

“Coffin” Position Below Deck

African Captives Thrown Overboard Sharks followed the slave ships!

European Empires in the Americas

The Colonial Class System Peninsulares Creoles MestizosMulattos Native Indians Black Slaves

Administration of the Spanish Empire in the New World 1. Encomienda or forced labor. 2.Council of the Indies. Viceroy. New Spain and Peru. 3.Papal agreement.

The Influence of the Colonial Catholic Church Guadalajara Cathedral Guadalajara Cathedral Our Lady of Guadalupe Our Lady of Guadalupe Spanish Mission Spanish Mission

The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 & The Pope’s Line of Demarcation

New Colonial Rivals

1.Native populations ravaged by disease. 2.Influx of gold, and especially silver, into Europe created an inflationary economic climate. [“Price Revolution”] 3.New products introduced across the continents [“Columbian Exchange”]. 4.Deepened colonial rivalries. Impact of European Exploration

New Patterns of World Trade