Questions Discussions: Any questions?

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Biomes Chapter 6.

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Presentation transcript:

Communities, biogeography, and selective forces: Flora (including NZ flora and moa herbivory)

Questions Discussions: Any questions? Maria P: posting paper and questions for this week Jose Luis: will be picking a paper to post for next week Any questions?

NZ Shearing: Sheep grazing Sheep (60 m) outnumber people (3m) by 20:1

NZ

NZ herbivorous birds NZ lacked native mammals (except 2 bats) 50% terrestrial birds eat non reproductive plant parts Southern brown kiwi Paradise shelduck Weka Kakapo NZ quail North Island kokako Kea NZ pigeon

Moas Largest herbivores in scrub and forest up to 1800 m Ratites: ~10 species in 6 genera of moas (20-200 kg) Tallest stood ~ 2.5-3 m (giant moa) Hunted to extinction in 15th century (along with 50% of endemic birds, 40% of all birds)

Moas Closest relatives emus, cassowaries, tinamous, rheas, kiwis Snapping: Ostrich feeding

Moas: coprolites and gizzards Many twigs of shrubs and trees Despite large size, they were feeding on small herbs (<30 cm) and many rare species Probably strongly shaped vegetation structure (e.g., reduced niches of broad leaved woody species)

Flora High endemism and numerous trees (215 spp) Many trees are short statured Divaricating (wire plants): 10% of all woody plants (overall common on islands: e.g., Madagascar, Hawaii, New Caledonian) Thin spreading branches Heteroblasty: 200 tree species Changing leaf morphology with age Colour change with age

Ferns Gymnosperms Lots! Angiosperms

Flora Why my these evolve? Divaricating Heteroblasty Colour change

Functions? Physiological tolerance of low temperatures, high wind or high light Moa herbivory

Evidence Cafeteria style feeding trials with emus and ostriches: Divaricating habit suffered 30-70% less herbivory Most divaricating, poisonous and deciduous species are short Small stature, deciduousness and divaricating, teeth increase with latitude Reversions to homoblasty found in Chatham Islands lacking moas

Evolution of colour changes

Evolution of colour changes

Ferns Gymnosperms Angiosperms

Pseudopanax crassifolius

Pseudopanax crassifolius

Pseudopanax crassifolius Seedling leaves: dull and mottled brown due to anthocyanin production Produced in plants <10 cm tall Juvenile leaves: long, linear, toothed with light areas near teeth Produced in plants <3 m tall Adult leaves: oblong of more typical size and shape Produced in plants >3 m tall

Pseudopanax chathamicus

Questions Could moa herbivory be a selective pressure leading to colour changes seen in P. crassifolius? Compared spectral reflectance of different stages to leaf litter Compared spectral reflectance to a closely related species (P. chathamicus) from nearby Chatham Islands (800 km from NZ) lacking moas with a flora derived from NZ

Chatham seedlings NZ seedlings litter

Chatham saplings: non thorn Chatham saplings: thorn NZ saplings: thorn NZ saplings: non thorn

29 NZ spp NZ adults Chatham adults

Questions Could moa herbivory be a selective pressure leading to colour changes seen in P. crassifolius? Compared spectral reflectance of different stages to leaf litter Compared spectral reflectance to a closely related species (P. chathamicus) from nearby Chatham Island (700 km) lacking moas What do we think?