11.3 Life During Wartime OBJECTIVES: A.Explain the role of African Americans’ in the struggle to end slavery B.Explain the decline of the Southern economy and the expansion of the Northern economy C.Describe the terrible conditions both Union and Confederate soldiers endured

Freedom to the Slave, 1863 This engraving celebrating the Emancipation Proclamation first appeared in While it places a white Union soldier in the center, it also portrays the important role of African American troops and emphasizes the importance of education and literacy. (The Library Company of Philadelphia) Freedom to the Slave, 1863 Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Blacks Enlist 180,000 Blacks enlist in Union by war’s end (10% of forces) Face discrimination and opposition from Northern Whites Receive less pay & used as labor brigades, initially 22 Congressional Medal of Honor winners 2 Regiments raised in Massachusetts by Frederick Douglass Many executed by South as prisoners, as at Fort Pillow South attempted to enlist blacks in the l ast month of the war, with little impact/effect

Slaves Resistance Slaves still on plantations “fought” too. How? “slowdowns” and sabotage slow production Runaways/contraband hurts labor force Increasing incidents of violence Southern men/military forced to stay at plantations to watch for rebellion = fewer soldiers fighting against North

Five generation slave family, Beaufort, S.C by T.H. O'Sullivan, 1862 This photograph of five generations of a slave family, taken in Beaufort, South Carolina, in 1862, is silent but powerful testimony to the importance that enslaved African Americans placed on their ever-threatened family ties. (Library of Congress) Five generation slave family, Beaufort, S.C by T.H. O'Sullivan, 1862 Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

ECONOMICS IN THE SOUTH: Inability to collect taxes/weak central govt. Customs duties evaporate with Union blockade Transportation collapses Cotton Capitalism collapses SHORTAGES!!! FOOD RIOTS!!! INFLATION!

ECONOMICS IN THE NORTH: Boom in manufacturing Profiteering & creation of a new millionaire class Integration of labor-saving devices: i.e. McCormick reaper, sewing machine Introduction of “sizing” for clothing Women and minorities enter workforce (Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell, Clara Barton, Dorothea Dix) Federal govt. institutes income tax for 1 st time

How did the Civil War change the lives of African Americans? In the South In the North

How did the Civil War change the economy? In the South In the North

Life on the Battlefield More soldiers die of infections and disease than from wounds received on battle. Many wouldn’t change their clothes, wash for weeks at a time. Had to eat spoiled food Lived among open pits of human excrement Body lice, dysentery, diarrhea Prisons, in particular, are deadly (most famously Andersonville, in the South) WHAT HAPPENED HERE?

Women’s Contributions Clara Barton, “the angel of the battlefield,” pioneers on the battlefield nursing. She later helps founds the American Red Cross. Women establish the United States Sanitary Commission Over 3,000 women served as Union nurses. Belle Boyd, famous as a nurse and spy for the South. Women in both the North and the South step in to men’s roles in the economy as men are drawn off to war.

Carver Hospital, Washington, D.C. by Mathew Brady Clean and gaily decorated, this Union hospital was a vast improvement over unsanitary field hospitals. (National Archives) Carver Hospital, Washington, D.C. by Mathew Brady Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

How did the Civil War change the lives of women? In the South In the North

TERMS Fort Pillow Income Tax Andersonville Clara Barton OBJECTIVES: A.Explain the role of African Americans’ in the struggle to end slavery B.Explain the decline of the Southern economy and the expansion of the Northern economy C.Describe the terrible conditions both Union and Confederate soldiers endured