WHAT YOU WILL LEARN 10.2 MENDELIAN GENETICS -Law of Segregation -Law of Independent Assortment -How to use a Punnett square http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B_PQ8qYtUL0&feature=em-share_video_in_list_user&list=UUWxJwdNjOFOUvKAhsYo41lg

10.2 MENDELIAN GENETICS MAIN IDEA Mendel explained how a dominant allele can mask the presence of a recessive gene.

READING Q’s DEFINE -What is a true breeding plant? -same form of trait from generation to generation

READING Q’s LABEL -Fill in the boxes with the name of each generation of offspring. Draw the peas you would expect to see in the empty pods. Use shading to indicate a green pea. F-1 F-2

READING Q’s APPLY -In Mendel’s experiment with green and yellow seeds, what was the dominant trait? -yellow seeds

READING Q’s PREDICT -What would be the phenotype of a homozygous, recessive (yy) pea plant? -green seeds

READING Q’s APPLY -True-breeding yellow-seeded and green-seeded plants are crossed and produce yellow-seeded offspring. Which of these plants is a hybrid? -yellow-seeded offspring

READING Q’s IDENTIFY -What is one purpose of a Punnett square? -tracking genotypes/phenotypes -predicting ratios of cross outcomes

READING Q’s DEFINE -Circle the genotypes in the small squares that will give a yellow-seed phenotypic ratio in the offspring? What will be the phenotypic ratio in the offspring? 3:1

10.2 READING NOTES Mendel is considered the “father of genetics” Mendel used pea plants because they reproduce by self-fertilization—male gamete combines w/female gamete Mendel also used cross-pollination—removed male gamete to combine w/female gamete of a different plant http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vIrrtM47Wio Bill nye greatest discoveries in genetics: 1:25-5:07

10.2 READING NOTES Pea plants have 7 traits that are independent of each other— -height stem tall/short -flower location -pod color yellow/green -pod appearance constricted/inflated -seed color yellow/green -seed texture smooth/wrinkled -flower color purple/white

10.2 READING NOTES

GROUP WORK: APPLICATION NOTES -As a group complete the application note sheet using your knowledge from the reading.

NEW VOCABULARY DEFINE genetics -study of inheritance heredity -how traits passed from gen to gen segregation -to “separate” allele -different possible forms of a gene for a particular trait

HISTORY OF GENETICS Write 4-bulleted facts about Gregor Mendel, “Father of Genetics” -Austrian monk, son of peasant farmer,1840s -attended University of Vienna—studied math, chemistry, physics, botany, paleontology, plant physiology & statistics -followed traits in pea plants-discovered how traits were inheritedbegan study of genetics -determined traits are a combination from both parents -1866 published math/methods inheritance in pea plants

MENDEL’S EXPERIMENT ANALYZE Mendel’s experiment with green-seed and yellow-seed pea plants by completing the diagram. generation _______________ yellow pea (male) green pea (female)  _______________ ALL ___________ _______________ ____ yellow : ____ green self fertilization P-parental cross fertilization F1-first filial self fertilization yellow F2-second filial 3 1

MENDEL’S EXPERIMENT DESCRIBE how a plant self-fertilizes: -male & female gametes come from same plant DESCRIBE cross-fertilization: -remove male part of a flower, transfer to female of diff plant flower INFER why Mendel used cross-pollination to study inheritance: -create offspring that have traits from both plants

NEW VOCABULARY -COMPARE/CONTRAST each pair of terms by defining them &/or noting their differences. genotype allele combination--Rr phenotype— traits an individual displays--red dominant trait— observed trait masks recessive trait recessive trait— trait observed only if dominant trait is not present homozygous— two of the same alleles for a trait—RR/rr heterozygous— two different alleles for a trait--Rr pure trait— homozygous alleles hybrid— heterozygous alleles

INHERITANCE OF TRAITS COMPARE genotypes & phenotypes for pea plants: genotype homozygous/heterozygous phenotype ________ homozygous yellow seeds _______ heterozygous ___________ yy _______________ ___________ YY Yy yellow homozygous green

LAW OF SEGREGATION DIAGRAM: Complete the diagram to demonstrate gamete formation & fertilization. grows into plant gamete YY yellow pea formation fertilization seed development yy green pea formation GAMETE FORMATION FERTILIZATION Y Y Y Yy y y F-1 hybrid Yy = yellow dominant trait y

COMPLETE the Punnett square-fill in missing info: R r R r  LAW OF SEGREGATION COMPLETE the Punnett square-fill in missing info: R r R r P RR Rr Rr rr

COMPLETE the Punnett square-fill in missing info: R r R r  LAW OF SEGREGATION COMPLETE the Punnett square-fill in missing info: R r R r P RR Rr Rr rr

 LAW OF INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT DEFINE: law of independent assortment— -genes for different traits are inherited independently of each other

 LAW OF INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT DEMONSTRATE law of independent assortment by listing the 4 alleles that are produced when a pea plant with the genotype RrYy produces gametes— R r Y y RY Ry rY ry

 LAW OF INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT IDENTIFY the genotypes/phenotypes in Punnett square showing DIHYBRID cross of seed color Yy & texture Rr YR Yr yR yr YR Yr yR yr YYRR yellow/round YYRr YyRR YyRr YYrr yellow/wrinkle Yyrr yyRR green/round yyRr yyrr green/wrinkle

Tt TT Tt tt  LAW OF SEGREGATION COMPLETE -Punnett squares to show height in F1 & F2 generations T = tall plants t = short plants F1 generation F2 generation T T T t t T t t 100% Tt Tt TT Tt tt 25% TT / 50% Tt / 25% tt

 PROBABILITY DEFINE: probability likelihood a specific event will occur PREDICT PROBABILITIES -What is the probability of rolling a 5 on a dice? 1 out of 6 = 1/6 -What is the probability of 2 coins landing on heads if you flip 2 coins? ½ X ½ = ¼ -What is the probability of rolling a 3 when rolling a die? -What is the probability of rolling two 3s on two dice? 1/6 X 1/6 = 1/36

 PROBABILITY DEFINE: probability likelihood a specific event will occur PREDICT PROBABILITIES -What is the probability of one coin landing on heads if you flip a single coin once? 1 out of 2 = ½ -What is the probability of 2 coins landing on heads if you flip 2 coins? ½ X ½ = ¼ -What is the probability of rolling a 3 when rolling a die? 1 out of 6 = 1/6 -What is the probability of rolling two 3s on two dice? 1/6 X 1/6 = 1/36

COIN TOSS PROBABILITY PRACTICE PROBABILITY— -Use 2 coins to show the probability of the occurrence of HH / HT / TT -Mendel’s experiments with pea plants did not get exact 9:3:3:1 ratios, however, the more experiments he conducted the closer the ratios were to the actual. -You will first flip the coins 10 times to get a ratio -Then you will flip the coins 100 times to see if the ratio is closer to the predicted outcome

INHERITANCE OF TRAITS CHECK -- 10.2 VOC -__________ is the branch of biology that studies how traits are inherited. -__________ offspring result from parents that have different forms of __________ for certain traits. -Mendel’s ____________________ states that every individual has two alleles of each gene and when gametes are produced, each gamete receives one of these alleles. -Mendel’s ___________________________ state that genes for different traits are inherited independently of each other. Genetics Hybrid alleles law of segregations law of independent assortment

INHERITANCE OF TRAITS COMPLETE the paragraph— -Mendel was the first person to succeed in predicting how traits are __________ from generation to generation -In peas, both male & female sex cells, called ___________, are in the same flower. -____________________ occurs when a male gamete fuses with a female gamete in the same flower. -Mendel used the technique called _______________ to breed one plant with another. -Mendel studied only one _____ at a time and analyzed his data mathematically. -In a heterozygous genotype, the ________ allele of a trait is hidden by the expression of the other phenotype. In a heterozygous genotype the _________ allele of a trait is visible in the phenotype. inherited gametes Self-fertilizations cross-pollination trait recessive dominant