Patterns of Inheritance

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Presentation transcript:

Patterns of Inheritance

Gregor Mendel “Father” of genetics Mid 1800s Austrian monk Studied math and science in Vienna Taught high school Tended to the monastery garden Conducted his genetic studies in pea plants

Anatomy of a Flower

True-breeding Strains Mendel used “self-pollination” to obtain true breeders

Cross-Pollination

Characteristics vs. Traits Plant height Pea color Flower color Pea shape Flower position Tall, short Yellow, green Purple, white Wrinkled, smooth Axial, terminal Characteristics vs. Traits

Mendel’s 4 Hypotheses 1. There are alternative versions of genes that account for variations in characteristics.

Mendel’s 4 Hypotheses 2. For each characteristic, an organism inherits 2 alleles—one from each parent.

Mendel’s 4 Hypotheses 3. If the 2 alleles of an inherited pair differ, then one determines the organism’s appearance.

Law of Segregation Mendel’s 4 Hypotheses 4. A sperm or egg carries only 1 allele for each characteristic because the 2 alleles segregate (separate) during meiosis. Law of Segregation

Dihybrid Crosses: Mendel’s Law of Independent Assortment

Dihybrid Crosses: Mendel’s Law of Independent Assortment X

In Dihybrid Crosses, Why Don’t We See This….?

The Rules of Probability

Traits Thought to be Controlled by a Single Gene

Family Pedigrees

Autosomal Recessive Pedigree

Why We Have Laws Against Marrying Your First Cousin!

Single-Gene Autosomal Disorders

Welcome to Non-Mendelian Genetics (which is MOST of Human Genetics!)

Incomplete Dominance

Incomplete Dominance

Incomplete Dominance

Codominance: ABO Blood Groups

Codominance: ABO Blood Groups

Codominance: ABO Blood Groups

Why is it so important to give a patient the correct blood type?

Pleiotropy One gene has the ability to influence several characteristics

Polygenic Inheritance The additive effects of 2 or more genes on a single phenotypic characteristic.

Polygenic Inheritance

Polygenic Inheritance

Don’t Forget About the Influence of the Environment!

Sex Chromosomes and Sex-Linked Genes

Sex Determination in Humans

Sex Determination in Humans

Red-Green Colorblindness: A Sex-Linked Recessive Trait

Red-Green Colorblindness: A Sex-Linked Recessive Trait

Red-Green Colorblindness: A Sex-Linked Recessive Trait

Hemophilia in the Russian Royal Family

The Genetics of Calico Cats: Why they are always female! Barr Body Formation

The Genetics of Calico Cats: Why they are always female!