WHAT IS LANGUAGE? 1 BBI LECTURE 1 - WHAT IS LANGUAGE?

‘Of course I know what language is. I use it all the time’ 2 BBI LECTURE 1 - WHAT IS LANGUAGE?

BBI LECTURE 1 - WHAT IS LANGUAGE? 3

Language is a very complex phenomenon. There is both a functional side to language (the jobs language does in human society) and there is a formal side (the way language is structured) BBI LECTURE 1 - WHAT IS LANGUAGE? 4

Language is many things… It is a system of communication A medium for thought A vehicle for literary expression A social institution A matter for political controversy A factor for nation building All normal human beings speak at least one language, and it is hard to imagine much significant social or intellectual activity taking place in its absence. BBI LECTURE 1 - WHAT IS LANGUAGE? 5

Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. (Wardhaugh, 1994) BBI LECTURE 1 - WHAT IS LANGUAGE? 6

The importance of understanding language … Language is everywhere. It permeates our thoughts, mediates our relations with others, and even creeps into our dreams. Most human knowledge and culture is stored and transmitted in language, which is so ubiquitous that we take it for granted. Without it, however, society as we know it would be impossible. BBI LECTURE 1 - WHAT IS LANGUAGE? 7

The Universals of Language Characteristics that apply to all known languages, everywhere, at any one time, are called universal traits. The exact number of such traits will vary according to the classifying system used, but here we shall discuss five major ones: 1.Language is human. 2.Language is spoken. 3.Language changes in various ways. 4.Language is systematic. 5.Language is symbolic in various ways. BBI LECTURE 1 - WHAT IS LANGUAGE? 8

Language is human No species besides homo sapiens appear to use the communication system of language in the same way that human beings do. Belonging only to human beings, language is therefore species specific. Children (with the exceptions of isolated feral children and of the physically impaired) do acquire language. Some children may use language more competently than others; for instance, children who are severely mentally retarded often have severe speech impediments as well. But with the exceptions noted, there is no known instance of a human being not using language. Belonging to all human beings, language is therefore species universal. To be human is, above all, to speak. BBI LECTURE 1 - WHAT IS LANGUAGE? 9

Language is spoken All languages, whether they are now or were ever written, were and are first spoken. Children learn to speak long before they are able to write; and children do not need to be formally taught to speak, as they usually do to write. Furthermore, all adult language users speak more often, and speak many more utterances, than they ever write. BBI LECTURE 1 - WHAT IS LANGUAGE? 10

Language changes All languages change in various ways, and any language is in a constant, slow, not always steady process of alteration. Constructions are dropped or added, old patterns combined in new ways, new words coined from old parts. This form of change is chronological or historical: change over time. In addition to changing over time, all languages show variation over space. At any particular time, many different versions of the same language will be spoken in different regions by different types of people. These variations are collectively known as dialects. BBI LECTURE 1 - WHAT IS LANGUAGE? 11

Language is systematic Every language in the world regulates itself, fits its units and unit groups together in predictable ways, and produces systematically intelligible sounds and sentences. No language’s systems are more ‘primitive’ or more ‘advanced’ than any other’s -- which is to say, there is no correlation between the technological complexity of a culture and the complexity of its language. All languages are complex but regular at all levels, from sound to form to sentence. Usually the means or patterns of regulation -- the systematic structure -- are fairly limited in number. For example, depending on the expert you talk to, English has about 45 sound patterns and about 15 to 30 basic sentence structuring (syntactic) patterns. BBI LECTURE 1 - WHAT IS LANGUAGE? 12

Language is symbolic Words have no inherent, innate, or divinely decreed meanings. Words merely stand for, represent, or symbolize meaning. The creature we call a ‘whale’ is not so named because ‘whale’ has some innate connection with large, aquatic mammals, but because a majority of English speakers use that name. Other language speakers use other names: la baleine (French), der Walfisch (German), la ballena (Spanish). All of these different terms are symbols for the creature itself, for the referent-- that is, the figure (or idea or action) to which a word refers. BBI LECTURE 1 - WHAT IS LANGUAGE? 13

What do you know when you know a language? BBI LECTURE 1 - WHAT IS LANGUAGE? 14

Many people consider ‘knowing a language’ to be the ability to speak that language well. Your linguistics competence is your (mostly unconscious) knowledge of the rules of a language. This competence differs in significant ways from linguistic performance, which is your actual speech behaviour. BBI LECTURE 1 - WHAT IS LANGUAGE? 15

The sound system (phonology) Part of your competence has to do with the phonology of the language. When you hear or attempt to learn a foreign language, you become acutely aware that other languages have sounds that English does not have -- for example, the French r, Spanish or French p, the clicks of some African languages, the German u and o vowels, and the tones of languages like Chinese. BBI LECTURE 1 - WHAT IS LANGUAGE? 16

Morphology Speech consists of continous utterances. Often there are no physical breaks between words. Yet we can break utterances down into words without difficulty. BBI LECTURE 1 - WHAT IS LANGUAGE? 17

For example, (a) can be broken down into (b), but no speaker would break it down to (c). (a)hewenttotownonhishorse (b)he went to town on his horse (c) * hew enttot ow nonh ishor se BBI LECTURE 1 - WHAT IS LANGUAGE? 18

Syntax You can recognize well-formed -- that is, grammatical sentences: (a)*You up pick at o’clock will eight. (b)* I will picks you up at eight o’clock. (c) I will pick you up at eight o’clock. Only (c) is grammatical: (a) is ‘word salad’ and (b) violates the English rule of subject- verb agreement. BBI LECTURE 1 - WHAT IS LANGUAGE? 19

There is an important difference between the grammaticality of a sentence-- is it structurally well formed? and semantic well- formedness -- does it make sense? Below, (d) is structurally well formed but semantically odd. Compare (d) through (g). (d)I just saw a unicorn playing a concerto on his horn. (e)*Colourless green ideas sleeps furiously. (f) Colourless green ideas sleep furiously. (g)*Green furiously colourless sleep ideas. Both (d) and (f) are grammatical. however, they are Semantically peculiar. BBI LECTURE 1 - WHAT IS LANGUAGE? 20

Semantics Part of your linguistic competence has to do with your ability to determine the meaning of sentences. But your competence goes beyond this. You can determine when a sentence has more than one meaning. (a)Jack rolled over Jill. (b)Mary threw up her lunch. (c)Visiting martians can be a nuisance. (d)I saw her duck. BBI LECTURE 1 - WHAT IS LANGUAGE? 21

You also know when different sentences mean the same thing. (a)John is an unmarried male. (b)John is a bachelor. BBI LECTURE 1 - WHAT IS LANGUAGE? 22

Styles of speech You also understand the contexts or situations in which different styles of language may be used. BBI LECTURE 1 - WHAT IS LANGUAGE? 23