沈阳师范大学 主讲人：张若昕 欧洲历史与文明

第二章：西方基督教世界的 动乱（ 1300—1560 年） The Upheaval in Western Christendom,

第三节 新教改革 The Protestant Reformation

Overview 1. The Protestant Reformation 2. Lutheranism 3. Calvinism 4. Anglicanism 5. Summary 6. Questions to ponder 7. Terms

What is the Protestant Reformation? Protestant Reformation- a religious movement in the 1500 ’ s that split the Christian church in western Europe and led to the establishment of a number of new churches.  People grew displeased with the churches … Financial Corruption Abuse of Power Immorality Caricature of Pope Alexander VI

Christianity （ found in Roman Empire during 1st century ） Catholicism (Rome)Eastern Orthodox (Constantinople) 东正教（君士坦丁堡） Catholicis m Protestantism 新教 Eastern Orthodox ① Lutheranism ② Calvinism ③ Anglicanism First division in 1054 AD Second division in 1517 AD Became the state religion of Roman Empire in 392 AD

Prior to the Reformation all Christians were Roman Catholic The [REFORM]action was an attempt to REFORM the Catholic Church People like Martin Luther wanted to get rid of the corruption and restore the people’s faith in the church

In the end the reformers, like Luther, established their own religions The Reformation caused a split in Christianity with the formation of these new Protestant religions

100 Years War and Black Death Scientific Advances which contradicted the Church The cultural contributions of the Renaissance The Corruption within the Catholic Church

德国瑞士英国 亨利八世

 Martin Luther  John Calvin  Henry VIII

 Ninety-Five Theses (1517) 95 条论纲  Justification by Faith 因信称义  Lutheranism 路德教

Martin Luther Luther was a German monk and professor of theology (religion) at the University of Wittenberg. （维滕贝格） One of the many leaders of the Protestant Reformation. Luther objected to selling indulgences in Roman Catholic Church

 A list of things he thought were wrong with the Catholic Church (95 Complaints)  He criticized:  The Power of the Pope  The Extreme Wealth of the Church  Indulgences (Catholic concept of Salvation) 赦罪券

 Gutenberg’s Printing Press made it possible for Luther to spread his beliefs  Posted his 95 Theses on Church doors in Germany  Gained support from people and criticism from Church

 The only basis of faith is the Holy Bible  All believers are priests  Building a disinterested church  Building a national church

Roman Catholic Church sold the indulgence in 1517

 Some Local German Churches accepted Luther’s ideas  Supported by German Princes who issued a formal “protest” against the Church for suppressing the reforms  The reformers came to be known as [PROTEST]ants - Protestants

John Calvin in Switzerland Predestination 先定论 God knows who will be saved, even before people are born, and therefore guides the lives of those destined for salvation. 人的得救与否完全由上帝预定，人的意志 无法改变；人在现世的成功与失败就是 得救与否的标志。

 Started in Switzerland – Calvinists  England = Puritans （清教徒）  Scotland = Presbyterians （长老教教徒）  Holland = Dutch Reform  France = Huguenots （胡格诺派教徒）  Germany = Reform Church

Puritan Hugeunots Presbyterian

In 1553, Henry VIII ruptured with the pope In 1554, the Act of Supremacy (Subjects were required to take an oath declaring Henry VIII to be “Supreme Head of the Church of England”)made Henry the Supreme Head of the Church of England In 1571, the England state religion –Anglicanism （圣 公宗或英国国教或安立甘宗） was established

In England, the Reformation began with the King! King Henry VIII  The king who had six wives …  He wanted a SON!

In England, the Reformation began with the King! Henry VIII ’ s marriage to Catherine of Aragon Henry seeks the annul ment Henry creates the Church of England and establishes his own supremacy over it A “ political reformation ” only at first

Edward VI England fully enacted the Protestant Reformation.  Queen Mary I or “Bloody Mary” Raised Catholic like her mother Catherine of Aragon; she reestablished the Catholic Church in England. She killed many protestants and had approximately 300 heretics burned at the stake.  Queen Elizabeth I (Ends the House of Tudor) Raised Protestant and ruled England for 44 years. Ruled during the Spanish Armada, and never married.

Puritan Hugeunots Presbyterian

ReformersGroupsCore ideasRegions Martin Luther Lutheranism ① Justification by Faith ② Ninety-Five Theses Germany; Northern Europe John Calvin CalvinismPredestinationSwitzerland; France.etc Henry VIII Anglicanismthe Act of Supremacy England Summary

Questions to ponder 1.What were Luther’s criticism of the church? 2.How did Lutheranism become a successful movement, & how did that change Lutheranism as a religious movement? : 3.What was distinct about Calvinism, and why did it become the most prevalent form of Protestantism? 4. What was unique about English Protestantism? 5. Why does the Protestant Reformation matter so much?

Terms Protestantism 新教 基督新教是由 16 世纪宗教改革运 动中脱离罗马天主教会的教会和基督徒形成的一系 列新宗派的统称，简称新教. Lutheranism 路德教（信义宗）信义宗是基督教新教 的一个重要派别，在欧洲语言中原为 “ 路德宗 Catholicism 天主教 天主教是基督宗教的三大宗派之 一，其正式名称为 “ 罗马天主教会 ” 或 “ 罗马公教会 ” ， 即由罗马教宗领导的教会。 The act of supremacy 至尊法案（ Supremacy Act ） 1534 年颁布，宣布英王亨利八世不仅是世俗的最高 统治者，也是宗教上的最高统治者，英国所有教会 不再听罗马教皇的指挥。

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