Classification of Organisms Why Classify?

The scientific name of an organism gives biologists a common way of communicating, regardless of their native language!

Classification: 1. Why Classify? –Eliminate confusion –Organize information –Reveal Evolutionary relationships

Classification: 2. What is Taxonomy? * Field of biology that identifies and classifies organisms

Classification: What is the name (general) of a scientist who studies traits to determine evolutionary relationships? *Taxonomist

Classification: 3. What was Aristotle’s method of classification? What did he use to put organisms in these categories? *Plants and Animals *Animals were further divided to where they lived (air, land, water)

Classification: 4. Which biologist developed the current classification system? –Carlos Linnaeus began working on classification in 1735

Classification: Linnaeus He placed organisms into Taxon or Taxa (pl) From: most general to most specific

Carlos Linnaeus method for Classification Morphology: Structure and Form

Classification: 5. Hierarchy of Classification (from largest to smallest) –domain –kingdom – phylum – class – order – family – genus – species

Classification: What is a domain? What are the three domains and which kingdoms do they contain? *Domain – most general category in which kingdoms are placed. *Archaea – Archaebacteria *Bacteria – Eubacteria *Eukarya – Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia

Classification: 6. Binomial nomenclature: What is it? Which language is used and why? –2-name system using the genus name and the species name. The scientific name is either underlined or italicized. The first letter of the Genus name is capitalized and the species name is lowercase. –EX: Cambarus bartoni or Cambarus bartoni –Latin - universal language

Ursus americanus American Black Bear

How about some EXAMPLES? Homo sapiens Castor canadensis----- Canis latrans---

How Biologists Classify Organisms 5. Dichotomous key – tool used to identify organisms. It lists several observable traits and 2 contrasting options.

18.2 How Biologists Classify Organisms 1. Define Phylogeny: *evolutionary history

18.2 How Biologists Classify Organisms 2. What is a Phylogenetic Tree? *a diagram that shows evolutionary relationships. Shows possible relationships among phyla. Tips represent modern organisms.

What do they consider when classifying organisms? 3a. Fossil record – fossils give clues to evolutionary history; some organisms have a complete record, some have incomplete records.

What do they consider when classifying organisms? 3b. Morphology - Form & structure EX: homologous vs analogous structures. Determine if there is a common ancestor or not.

What do they consider when classifying organisms? Embryology – A blastopore is a small indentation that develops into the digestive system. the anterior end (mouth) and in chordates/echinoderms, the the posterior end (anus).

What do they consider when classifying organisms? 3c. Embryology – egg + sperm = zygote; zygote divides via mitosis and forms a blastula.

Embryology Do you remember?

What do they consider when classifying organisms? 3d. Macromolecule comparison – amino acid and protein comparison (remember the amino acid activity).

18.2 How Biologists Classify Organisms 4. Why do biologists study cladistics? * Infers relationships based on shared characters (features). –Cladogram – ancestry diagrams

How Biologists Classify Organisms 4. Differentiate between an ancestral character and a derived character. Provide examples. –Ancestral character – feature that evolved in a common ancestor of two different groups. (backbone is in birds and mammals) –Derived character – feature that apparently evolved only within the group under consideration. (birds and feathers – mammals do not have feathers)

How Biologists Classify Organisms 4c. What is a cladogram? How are organisms placed on a cladogram? *Cladogram – ancestry diagrams ~Organisms that share derived characters are grouped together.

18.2 How Biologists Classify Organisms How are cladograms and phylogenetic trees similar? *each represents a hypothesis of evolutionary history, which must be inferred because it was not observed.

How Biologists Classify Organisms 3. What is a hybrid? Examples? * Individuals of different species interbreed ZONY CAMA

Domain Archaea

Domain Eubacteria

Domain Eukarya

Kingdom Protista Amoeba ParameciumGiardia Water MoldSlime Mold Euglena Dinoflagellates Diatom Brown AlgaeGreen Algae

Kingdom Fungi

Kingdom Plantae Bryophyte (Moss) Pteridophyte (Fern) Coniferophytes (Pine Trees) Angiosperm; Dicot Angiosperm; Monocot

Time for some Classification!! List your 15 Favorite Musical Artists or Groups.

KINGDOM MUSIC PHYLUM Type of Music ie: Blues, Rock, Rap

CLASS Specific Type ie: Rock: Classic Rock, Punk Rock etc. Order This is Extra Credit! Record labels

Family Band or Artist’s Name ie: Ludacris

Genus species Title of Song

The Break Down! Birth name: Christopher Brian Bridges Born: September 11, 1977 ) (age 30) Champaign, Illinois, United StatesSeptember ChampaignIllinoisUnited States Origin: Atlanta, Georgia, United StatesAtlantaGeorgiaUnited States Genre(s):Southern Rap Pop Rap Crunk Hyphy Hardcore Rap Gangsta RapGenre(s)Southern Rap Pop Rap Crunk Hyphy Hardcore Rap Gangsta Rap Years active1998 – present Label(s)Disturbing tha Peace/Def JamLabel(s)Disturbing tha PeaceDef Jam