McGraw-Hill/Irwin Business Research Methods, 10eCopyright © 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 7 Qualitative Research
7-2 Focus Groups Qualitative Research Ethnography Observation Data Collection Techniques Data Collection Techniques IDIs Case Studies Action Research Grounded Theory Group Interviews
7-3 Why Use Qualitative Research? “Most of what influences what we say and do occurs below the level of awareness. That’s why we need new techniques: to get at hidden knowledge – to get at what people don’t know they know.” Jerry Zaltman
7-4 Qualitative Research in Business Job Analysis Advertising Concept Development Productivity Enhancement New Product Development Benefits Management Retail Design Process Understanding Union Representation Market Segmentation Sales Analysis
7-5 Data Sources People Organizations Texts Environments Events and happenings Artifacts/ media products
7-6 The Roots of Qualitative Research Psychology Anthropology Communication Sociology Semiotics Economics Qualitative Research
7-7 Distinction between Qualitative & Quantitative Theory Testing Theory Building
7-8 Qualitative Understanding Interpretation Focus of Research Quantitative Description Explanation
7-9 Researcher Involvement Qualitative High Participation-based Quantitative Limited Controlled
7-10 Research Design Qualitative Longitudinal Multi-method Quantitative Cross-sectional or longitudinal Single method
7-11 Sample Design and Size Qualitative Non-probability Purposive Small sample Quantitative Probability Large sample
7-12 Data Type and Preparation Qualitative Verbal or pictorial Reduced to verbal codes Quantitative Verbal descriptions Reduced to numeric codes
7-13 Turnaround Qualitative Shorter turnaround possible Insight development ongoing Quantitative May be time-consuming Insight development follows data entry
7-14 Data Analysis Qualitative Nonquantitative; human Judgment mixed with fact Emphasis on themes Quantitative Computerized analysis Facts distinguished Emphasis on counts
7-15 Choosing a Qualitative Method Types of participants Researcher characteristics Researcher characteristics Factors Schedule Budget Topics Project’s purpose
7-16 NonProbability Sampling Purposive Sampling Snowball Sampling Convenience Sampling
7-17 The Interview Question Hierarchy
7-18 Interview Formats Unstructured Semi-structured Structured
7-19 The Interview Mode GroupIndividual
7-20 Group Interviews Dyads Triads Mini-Groups Small Groups (Focus Group) Supergroups
7-21 Determining the Number of Groups Scope Number of distinct segments Desired number of ideas Desired level of detail Homogeneity Level of distinction
7-22 Group Interview Modes Telephone Online Videoconference Face-to-Face
7-23 Combining Qualitative Methodologies Action ResearchCase Study
7-24 Triangulation: Merging Qualitative and Quantitative Conduct studies simultaneously Perform series: Qualitative, Quantitative, Qualitative Ongoing qualitative with multiple waves of quantitative Quantitative precedes Qualitative