The Thirteen Colonies The Creation of: –The New England colonies –The Middle Colonies –The Southern Colonies

The New England Colonies Climate –Long harsh winters and short summers resulted in the shortest growing season of the three regions Physical Features –Abundance of raw material Lumbar Fish –Geography Mountainous Rivers The soil was very rocky and thin (not deep)

New England 1620 The Pilgrims –Led by William Bradford –Left English Persecution –Governed by the Mayflower Compact Constitutional Government realizing they were far from England –Settle in Plymouth (Cape Cod) Modern-day Massachusetts

New England 1630 The Puritans –Led by John Winthrop –Escaped religious persecution from England But still wanted to partake in the church of England –Winthrop was the first elected governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony –(Witchfinder Direct)Witchfinder Direct

Rhode Island 1636 Roger William –Complained about the political system of the Massachusetts Bay Colony Had a problem with the fact that there was no separation between Church and State Was threatened with deportation –In 1636, Roger William moved south and established Providence, Rhode Island The first colony to allow Religious Freedom

Connecticut 1636 Reverend Thomas Hooker –Another dissenter of the Massachusetts Bay Colony and John Winthrop –Took 100 followers and established the Hartford Settlement along the Connecticut River Valley

Dissenters of John Winthrop's Governing Anne Hutchinson –Challenged Puritan doctrine –Questioned the role of church leaders BANISHED!!! Reverend John Wheelwright –Also opposed the Puritan governance –1637, 100 followers and Wheelwright leave and settle Exeter (New Hampshire)

Growth of New England

The Middle Colonies Climate –Longer Summers than New England resulting in a longer growing season Physical Features –Coastal plains to the Appalachian foothills –Numerous waterways for trade and transportation –Fertile soil for productive agriculture Became known as the “breadbasket” of the colonies Natural resources include timber, furs, and agriculture

Settling New Netherland The Dutch wanted to establish trading relationships in the New World –Henry Hudson explores the present-day coastline of New York and claims it for the Dutch, naming it New Netherland –Fort Orange (Albany) is established in – Manhattan Island is purchased from the Mannahata and New Amsterdam (New York City) is established –The Dutch take control of the Hudson River Valley

Henry Hudson’s Voyages

New Netherlands New York Dutch settle smack-dab in the middle of Britain new economic harvest (the America’s) –King Charles II orders the British fleet to conquer New Netherlands –Peter Stuyvesant, the governor of New Amsterdam is very unpopular When the British fleet arrives, no citizens join in the fight to defend and Stuyvesant surrenders the colony to the British

New York and New Jersey 1664 – after the capture of New Netherland, the King gives it as a gift to his younger brother, the Duke of York. –Gets renamed, New York As another gift, friends of the family, Sir George Carteret and William Berkeley get a closely land grant as well –New Jersey

Pennsylvania and Delaware William Penn –Son of an admiral and a Quaker (pacifist) –Penn was given a land grant for repayment of a debt The king owed his father 16,000 pounds Who need cash when you have a whole-lot of land –In 1681, Penn creates a Quaker colony on his new land and names it, Pennsylvania (Penn’s Woods) Delaware is part of Pennsylvania until 1703 when it is granted it’s own right to assembly

Quakerism Founded by George Fox Believed that on could have a personal relationship with God without the clergy Believed that everyone was equal –Including women Women were able to speak up in assembly –Pacifist that believed in non-violence and no slavery

Middle Colonies

The Southern Colonies Chesapeake Bay region (Virginia and Maryland) –Founded and explored with the Jamestown colony (John Smith) –Thick red clay made tobacco growing prominent –Chesapeake geography was not beneficial to town growth like that of New England Deep water estuaries (rivers) allowed farmers to export product directly from their own docks –No deep-water port was needed The Carolina’s and Georgia –The plantation system prevails Due to a longer growing season (7 months), the cultivation of larger and more diverse crops (cash crops) were available –Georgia Debtors colony –Those that owed a debt back in England were shipped off »Why fill up the English jails when you can get cheap labor?

Chesapeake Bay Geographic/environmental problems??

Jamestown Fort & Settlement Map

John Rolfe What finally made the colony prosperous??

Tobacco Plant Virginia’s gold and silver. -- John Rolfe, 1612

English Tobacco Label First Africans arrived in Jamestown in  Their status was not clear  perhaps slaves, perhaps indentured servants.  Slavery not that important until the end of the 17 c.

The Atlantic Slave Trade

The “Middle Passage”

The Carolinas

Port of Charles Town, SC Also named for King Charles II of England. Became the busiest port in the South. City with aristocratic feel. Religious toleration attracted diverse inhabitants.

The primary export. Rice was still an exotic food in England.  Was grown in Africa, so planters imported West African slaves.  These slaves had a genetic trait that made them immune to malaria. By 1710  black slaves were a majority in Carolina. Crops of the Carolinas: Rice American Long Grain Rice

The Emergence of North Carolina Northern part of Carolina shared a border with VA  VA dominated by aristocratic planters who were generally Church of England members.  Dissenters from VA moved south to northern Carolina.  Poor farmers with little need for slaves.  Religious dissenters. Distinctive traits of North Carolinians  Irreligious & hospitable to pirates.  Strong spirit of resistance to authority  NC officially separated from SC.

Georgia

Georgia--The “Buffer” Colony Chief Purpose of Creating Georgia:  As a “buffer” between the valuable Carolinas & Spanish Florida & French Louisiana.  Received subsidies from British govt. to offset costs of defense.  Export silk and wine.  A haven for debtors thrown in to prison. Determined to keep slavery out!  Slavery found in GA by 1750.