Interim Provision of Tsunami Watch Information for the Indian Ocean Countries Pacific Tsunami Warning Center Japan Meteorological Agency

Motivation for Interim Provision of Tsunami Watch Information Interim Provision of Tsunami Watch Information Need an Emergency Measure No Tsunami Warning if a big tsunami were generated again 26 Dec 2004 SUMATRA-ANDAMAN ISLANDS EARTHQUAKE

Sea level data Japan Meteorological Agency Collection via Internet Enhancement of existing function Country Dissemination of Tsunami Watch Information Pacific Tsunami Warning Center Collection via Internet or Meteorological Satellites Seismic waveform data Country Through the Global Telecommunication System of WMO, and/or Facsimile (Currently available) (Enhancement of communication facility of existing tide gauges) National arrangements Estimation of tsunami travel time Indian Ocean region Tsunami Watch Information should be Regarded as a Reference for Taking Preventive Measure against Possible Tsunamis on the Responsibility and Initiative of the Individual Countries on the responsibility and initiative of the individual countries! residents

P-WAVE TRAVEL TIMES FOR 12/26/04 EARTHQUAKE

Sea Level Stations in the Indian Ocean As of April

Seismic criteria for PTWC/JMA IO Advisories DepthLocation(Mw)Tsunami PotentialBulletin Type < 100 km Under or very near the sea 6.5 to 7.0 Very small potential for a destructive local tsunami Information Bulletin 7.1 to 7.5 Potential for a destructive local tsunami Local Tsunami Watch 7.6 to 7.8 Potential for a destructive regional tsunami Regional Tsunami Watch ≥ 7.9Potential for a destructive ocean-wide tsunami Ocean-wide Tsunami Watch Inland 6.5No tsunami potentialInformation Bulletin ≥ 100 km All Locations ≥ 6.5No tsunami potentialInformation Bulletin

PTWC Preliminary Forecast Points

TSUNAMI BULLETIN NUMBER 001 PACIFIC TSUNAMI WARNING CENTER/NOAA/NWS ISSUED AT 0117Z 11 APR 2005 THIS BULLETIN IS FOR ALL AREAS OF THE INDIAN OCEAN.... TSUNAMI INFORMATION BULLETIN... THIS MESSAGE IS FOR INFORMATION ONLY. AN EARTHQUAKE HAS OCCURRED WITH THESE PRELIMINARY PARAMETERS ORIGIN TIME Z 11 APR 2005 COORDINATES NORTH 97.5 EAST LOCATION - NORTHERN SUMATERA INDONESIA MAGNITUDE Sample Tsunami Information Bulletin

EVALUATION A DESTRUCTIVE WIDESPREAD TSUNAMI THREAT DOES NOT EXIST BASED ON HISTORICAL EARTHQUAKE AND TSUNAMI DATA. HOWEVER - THERE IS A VERY SMALL POSSIBILITY OF A LOCAL TSUNAMI THAT COULD AFFECT COASTS LOCATED USUALLY NO MORE THAN A HUNDRED KILOMETERS FROM THE EARTHQUAKE EPICENTER. AUTHORITIES IN THE REGION NEAR THE EPICENTER SHOULD BE MADE AWARE OF THIS POSSIBILITY. THIS WILL BE THE ONLY BULLETIN ISSUED BY THE PACIFIC TSUNAMI WARNING CENTER FOR THIS EVENT UNLESS ADDITIONAL INFORMATION BECOMES AVAILABLE. THE JAPAN METEOROLOGICAL AGENCY MAY ISSUE ADDITIONAL INFORMATION FOR THIS EVENT. Sample Tsunami Information Bulletin (cont’d)

TSUNAMI BULLETIN NUMBER 002 PACIFIC TSUNAMI WARNING CENTER/NOAA/NWS ISSUED AT 0354Z 11 APR 2005 THIS BULLETIN IS FOR ALL AREAS OF THE INDIAN OCEAN.... A LOCAL TSUNAMI WATCH IS IN EFFECT... A TSUNAMI WATCH IS IN EFFECT FOR INDONESIA FOR OTHER AREAS OF THE INDIAN OCEAN REGION, THIS MESSAGE IS AN ADVISORY ONLY. AN EARTHQUAKE HAS OCCURRED WITH THESE PRELIMINARY PARAMETERS ORIGIN TIME Z 11 APR 2005 COORDINATES NORTH 97.5 EAST LOCATION - NORTHERN SUMATERA INDONESIA MAGNITUDE Sample Local Tsunami Watch Supplement

ESTIMATED INITIAL TSUNAMI WAVE ARRIVAL TIMES. ACTUAL ARRIVAL TIMES MAY DIFFER AND THE INITIAL WAVE MAY NOT BE THE LARGEST. THE TIME BETWEEN SUCCESSIVE TSUNAMI WAVES CAN BE FIVE MINUTES TO ONE HOUR. LOCATION COORDINATES ARRIVAL TIME INDONESIA SIMEULUE 2.5N 96.0E 0134Z 11 APR SIBERUT 1.5S 98.7E 0144Z 11 APR PADANG 0.9S 100.1E 0214Z 11 APR BANDA ACEH 5.5N 95.1E 0223Z 11 APR BENGKULU 3.9S 102.0E 0238Z 11 APR BANDAR LAMPUNG 6.0S 105.5E 0338Z 11 APR CILACAP 7.8S 108.9E 0351Z 11 APR BALI 9.0S 115.5E 0433Z 11 APR BELAWAN 3.8N 98.8E 0544Z 11 APR KUPANG 10.0S 123.4E 0549Z 11 APR THIS WILL BE THE FINAL BULLETIN ISSUED BY THE PACIFIC TSUNAMI WARNING CENTER FOR THIS EVENT UNLESS ADDITIONAL INFORMATION BECOMES AVAILABLE. THE JAPAN METEOROLOGICAL AGENCY MAY ISSUE ADDITIONAL INFORMATION FOR THIS EVENT. Sample Local Tsunami Watch Supplement (cont’d)

PTWC Preliminary Forecast Points

COMMUNICATIONS METHODS FOR THE INDIAN OCEAN KEEP IT SIMPLER THAN IN THE PACIFICKEEP IT SIMPLER THAN IN THE PACIFIC GTS AS THE BACKBONE SYSTEMGTS AS THE BACKBONE SYSTEM TELEFAX AND AS ALTERNATE METHODSTELEFAX AND AS ALTERNATE METHODS CONFIRMATION OF RECEIPT?CONFIRMATION OF RECEIPT? PERSON-TO-PERSON TELEPHONE CONTACT SHOULD NOT BE REQUIRED, BUT MAY BE USEDPERSON-TO-PERSON TELEPHONE CONTACT SHOULD NOT BE REQUIRED, BUT MAY BE USED

Bulletin TypeWMO IdentifierPurpose Tsunami InformationWEIO23 PHEBAdvise Government Agencies Tsunami WatchWEIO21 PHEBAdvise Government Agencies Tsunami InformatonWEIO33 PHEB (ready but not used) Advise the Public and Media Tsunami WatchWEIO31 PHEB (ready but not used) Advise the Public and Media Earthquake Information SEIO61 PHEB (ready but not used) Exchange of initial earthquake params WMO (GTS) PRODUCT IDENTIFIERS FOR PTWC PRODUCTS IN THE INDIAN OCEAN

Source Parameters –Origin time (UTC), Coordinates (latitude, longitude), Location name of the epicenter, Depth (if 100km or more), magnitude Evaluation of Tsunamigenic Potential Estimated Tsunami Travel Time Observations of tsunami Contents of TWI (JMA)

Example of JMA Tsunami Watch Information TSUNAMI BULLETIN NUMBER NUMBER 001 ISSUED BY THE JAPAN METEOROLOGICAL AGENCY (JMA) ISSUED AT JUL 2005 (UTC)... A LOCAL TSUNAMI WATCH IS IN EFFECT... 1.EARTHQUAKE INFORMATION ORIGIN TIME : JUL 2005 (UTC) COORDINATES : 8.7 NORTH 92.1 EAST LOCATION : NICOBAR ISLANDS, INDIA, REGION MAGNITUDE : EVALUATION THERE IS A POSSIBILITY OF A DESTRUCTIVE LOCAL TSUNAMI IN THE INDIAN OCEAN. 3.ESTIMATED TSUNAMI TRAVEL TIME ONE HOUR OR LESS INDIA: ALL COASTS OF ANDAMAN AND NICOBAR ISLANDS INDONESIA: INDIAN OCEAN COAST OF SUMATRA MALACCA COAST OF SUMATRA *TSUNAMI TRAVEL TIME IS ESTIMATED ONLY FROM EARTHQUAKE DATA AND INDICATES THE TIME LAPSE BETWEEN ORIGIN TIME AND TSUNAMI ARRIVAL TIME. *THIS WILL BE THE FINAL INFORMATION UNLESS THERE ARE CHANGES ABOUT THE POTENTIAL OF TSUNAMI GENERATION AND ESTIMATED TSUNAMI TRAVEL TIME BY RE-EVALUATION OF THE EARTHQUAKE OR THERE ARE REPORTS ON TSUNAMI OBSERVATIONS. Earthquake Information Potential of Tsunami Estimated Tsunami Travel Time

Tsunami Watch Information Recipient Countries India Indonesia Australia Malaysia Thailand Myanmar Bangladesh Iran Pakistan Oman Yemen UAE Sri Lanka Maldives Singapore Mozambique East Timor Seychelles South Africa Tanzania Kenya Reunion Island Chagos Archipelago (United Kingdom) Mayotte Island Kerguren Island Amsterdam Island St. Paul Island Mauritius Madagascar Comoros Crozet Island France

Origin Time (UTC)LatitudeLongitudeMagnitudeIssuance Time (UTC) 02:46 16 August N142.4E6.802:55 16 August :27 9 September S153.3E7.307:56 9 September :51 15 October N123.4E6.516:03 15 October :38 14 November N145.0E6.921:50 14 November 2005 Provision of NWPTA/JMA Provision of TWI/JMA for Indian Ocean *: This earthquake occurred before official commencement of providing Tsunami Watch Information. Therefore, JMA transmitted tsunami information to eleven countries around the Indian Ocean by facsimile in about 25 minutes after the earthquake. Origin Time (UTC)LatitudeLongitudeMagnitudeIssuance Time (UTC) 16:09 28 Mar N97.1E8.7* 10:29 10 April S99.4E6.810:56 10 April :38 16 April N97.8E6.516:59 16 April :07 28 April N96.9E6.614:30 28 April :05 14 May N98.7E6.805:32 14 May :54 19 May N97.0E6.602:15 19 May :52 5 July N97.0E6.702:15 5 July :10 19 November N96.5E6.514:32 19 November :19 22 February S33.3E7.222:50 22 February :28 16 May N97.0E6.915:50 16 May 2006

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