BEHAVIORAL THEORISTS IVAN PAVLOV B.F. SKINNER A MAJOR PREMISE AND ORIENTATION BEHIND BEHAVIORISM IS THAT PSYCHOLOGY SHOULD STUDY ONLY OBSERVABLE BEHAVIOR

IVAN PAVLOV RUSSIAN PHYSIOLOGIST HE STUDIED THE IMPORTANCE OF SALIVA IN THE DIGESTIVE PROCESS OF DOGS

PSYCHIC REFLEXES DOGS RESTRAINED IN HARNESS COLLECTED SALIVA HE PAIRED MEAT POWDER WITH DIFFERENT STIMULI

IMPLICATIONS OF PAVLOV’S WORK CLASSICAL CONDITIONING PLAYS A KEY ROLE IN SHAPING EMOTIONAL RESPONSES LIKE FEAR, ANXIETY, AND PHOBIAS USED IN ADVERTISING

B.F. SKINNER A STRICT BEHAVIORIST HE DID NOT BELIEVE IN INTERNAL MENTAL STATES THE SKINNER BOX & OPERANT CONDITIONING

SKINNER’S THEORY BEHAVIOR IS INFLUENCED BY REWARDS AND PUNSHMENTS HE TRAINED RATS TO RESPOND TO LIGHTS AND SOUNDS REINFORCEMENT

APPLICATION OF SKINNER’S WORK USED IN PRISONS AND MENTAL HOSPITALS REINFORCERS ARE USED TO PRODUCE POSITIVE BEHAVIORS TOKEN ECONOMIES SHAPE BEHAVIOR

THE HUMANISTIC APPROACH MASLOW & ROGERS

ABRAHAM MASLOW HUMANISTS BELIEVED THAT PSYCHOANALYSIS AND BEHAVIOR- ISM ARE “DEHUMANIZING” EMPHASIS ON UNIQUENESS POSITIVE, OPTIMISTIC

HUMANS HAVE MANY NEEDS PEOPLE HAVE MANY NEEDS THAT COMPETE BIOLOGICAL MOTIVES SOCIAL MOTIVES HUMAN NEEDS ARE ORGANIZED IN A HIERARCHY

MASLOW’S HIERARCHY THE NEEDS AT THE BOTTOM ARE THE MOST BASIC (HUNGER) THE NEXT LEVEL=SAFETY NEEDS NEXT= BELONGING AND LOVE

PYRAMID CONTINUED ESTEEM NEEDS COGNITIVE NEEDS AESTHETIC NEEDS SELF-ACTUALIZED

APPLICATIONS OF MASLOW’S WORK IN THE FIELD OF BUSINESS IN THE ARTS AND HUMANITIES CRITICISMS

CARL ROGERS CLIENT-CENTERED THERAPY CCT PROVIDES A SUPPORTIVE ENVIRONMENT IN CCT, THE CLIENT DETERMINES THE PACE & DIRECTION OF THERAPY

WHAT CAUSES ANXIETY? ANXIETY IS CAUSED BY INCONSISTENCY BETWEEN A PERSON’S SELF- CONCEPT AND REALITY. HOW YOU PERCEIVE YOURSELF

DO WE NEED CONSTANT APPROVAL FROM OTHERS? ROGERS BELIEVED THIS WAS THE ROOT CAUSE OF CLIENTS' PROBLEMS THE CLIENT NEEDS TO DEVELOP INSIGHT YOU CAN’T ALWAYS PLEASE OTHERS

THE THERAPEUTIC CLIMATE THE PROCESS OF THERAPY IS LESS RELEVANT THAN THE CLIMATE OF THE THERAPY THERAPY’S ROLE

QUALITIES OF A GOOD THERAPIST GENUINENESS UNCONDITIONAL POSITIVE REGARD EMPATHY

THE THERAPEUTIC PROCESS THE THERAPIST PROVIDES VERY LITTLE GUIDANCE THE THERAPIST KEEPS ADVICE TO A MINIMUM THERAPIST PROVIDES FEEDBACK

THE COGNITIVE APPROACH HUMAN BEHAVIOR CANNOT BE FULLY UNDERSTOOD WITHOUT EXAMINING HOW PEOPLE ACQUIRE, STORE, AND PROCESS INFORMATION ELLIS & PIAGET WERE INFLUENTIAL COGNITIVE THINKERS

JEAN PIAGET CHILD PSYCHOLOGIST HE FOUND ANSWERS TO HUMAN BEHAVIOR BY STUDYING CHILDREN INFLUENTIAL IN SCHOOL REFORM

HIS VIEW OF CHILDREN CHILDREN ARE NOT “BLANK SLATES” OR “EMPTY VESSELS” CHILDREN INVENT THEIR OWN LOGIC OBSERVATION OF CHILDREN’S MINDS

LESSONS PIAGET LEARNED FROM CHILDREN CHILDREN TAKING IQ TESTS MADE SIMILAR ERRORS KNOWLEDGE IS DISCOVERED BY OBSERVING A CHILD’S MIND KNOWLEDGE BUILDS AS KIDS GROW

AN EXPERIMENT THE PRINCIPLE OF CONSERVATION (AGES 5–7) CHILDREN UNDER AGE 5 ARE EGOCENTRIC BY AGE 7 OBJECT PERMANENCE IS RECOGNIZED

STAGE 1: SENSORIMOTOR SIMPLE MOTOR RESPONSES TO SENSORY STIMULI; NO CONCEPTION OF OBJECT PERMANENCE USE OF SCHEMAS

STAGE 2: PREOPERATIONAL AGES 1 ½–7 EXHIBITS EGOCENTRIC THINKING LACKS CONCEPT OF CONSERVA- TION USES SYMBOLS, WORDS, MENTAL IMAGES

STAGE 3: CONCRETE OPERATIONS AGES 7–11 BEGINS TO UNDERSTAND THE CONCEPT OF CONSERVATION STILL HAS SOME TROUBLE WITH ABSTRACT IDEAS CLASSIFICATION

STAGE 4: FORMAL OPERATIONS AGES 11 – ADULT UNDERSTANDS ABSTRACT IDEAS AND HYPOTHETICAL SITUATIONS CAPABLE OF LOGICAL THINKING NERVOUS SYSTEM