Animal diversity Chapters 33 & 34

Coelomates Deuterostome Endoskeleton Enchinodermata & Chordata

Enchinoderms 600 mya Oceans Starfish Brittle stars Sea urchins Sand dollar Sea cucumber

Enchinoderms “spiny” skin Endoskeleton made up of calcium Plates enclosed in living tissue Adults plates fuse Creates hard shell Water-vascular system----move Central ring canal with canals that extend into the arms

Body plan Bilateral symmetry larva Develop-radial symmetry Nerve ring: central ring 5 branches arise from central ring Tube feet Part of water-vascular system Helps attach itself to something Reproduction, sexual & external Regenerate parts

Chordates Bilateral symmetry Notochord Jointed appendages Segmentation Birds, reptiles, amphibians, fishes, & mammals

Chordates Common features of chordates Present at some point in development 1. Nerve cord Hollow Ectoderm Beneath dorsal surface Vertebrates (brain & spinal cord)

Chordates 2. Notochord Dorsal side of primitive gut in embryo Fluid filled cells Enclosed in stiff fibrous tissue Persists in some Support Reduced to vertebral discs in others

Chordates 3. Pharyngeal slits: Connect pharynx & esophagus to outside Gills stay connect to outside Pharyngeal pouches: Slits do not connect to outside Terrestrial vertebrates Present in embryos 4. Postanal tail At least during embryo development

Chordates Humans Nerve cord stays Notochord is replaced by spinal column (discs) Pharyngeal pouches are lost Except one forms Eustachian tube Tail regresses tail bone

Chordates Other features Muscles arranged in segmented blocks Work against internal skeleton Helps movement

Chordates Phylum Chordata includes three subphyla, Vertebrates Two phyla of invertebrates Urochordates Cephalochordates.

(sister group to chordates) Fig. 34-2 Echinodermata (sister group to chordates) Cephalochordata (lancelets) ANCESTRAL DEUTERO- STOME Chordates Urochordata (tunicates) Notochord Myxini (hagfishes) Common ancestor of chordates Craniates Petromyzontida (lampreys) Head Chondrichthyes (sharks, rays, chimaeras) Vertebrates Vertebral column Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes) Gnathostomes Jaws, mineralized skeleton Actinistia (coelacanths) Osteichthyans Lungs or lung derivatives Lobe-fins Dipnoi (lungfishes) Lobed fins Amphibia (frogs, salamanders) Legs Reptilia (turtles, snakes, crocodiles, birds) Tetrapods Amniotes Amniotic egg Mammalia (mammals) Milk

Chordates Nonvertebrates Notocord but no backbone Tunicates (urochordates) Marine, shallow waters Sessile Adults no cavity or segmentation Tadpole shows characteristics Tunic: sac of cellulose secreted by adults Surrounds the animal

Chordates Lancelets (cephalochordata) Shallow waters in ocean Buried in sand Anterior end sticking out Plankton Gill slits Closest relative to vertebrate

(a) (b) Fig. 34.4

Vertebrates 1. Vertebral column 2. Head Brain is enclosed in a bony skull or cranium Craniate chordates

Vertebrates Other characteristics 1. Neural crest Cells that develop on crest of neural tube Form other structures (teeth, neurons, dermis) 2. Internal organs Liver, kidney, endocrine glands 3. Endoskeleton Cartilage & bone helps with movement

Neural crest

Neural crest Dorsal edges of neural plate Neural crest Neural tube Fig. 34-7 Neural crest Dorsal edges of neural plate Neural crest Neural tube Migrating neural crest cells Figure 34.7 The neural crest, embryonic source of many unique craniate characters Notochord

Vertebrates 470 mya Jawless fish Jaw developed Gave rise to Amphibians Were first vertebrate moved to land First reptiles 300 mya Birds (descendants of dinosaurs) Mammals 220 mya

Vertebrates 65 mya dinosaurs disappeared Gave rise to larger mammals Nine classes of vertebrae 5 fish (2 are extinct) 4 tetrapods (animals with 4 limbs) Amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals

Fish Marine & freshwater 1. Vertebral column 2. Jaws & paired appendages Helps eat larger & active prey Paired fins help with swim

Fish 3. Gills Extract oxygen dissolved in water Vessels rich in blood Supported by cartilage 4. Single-loop blood circulation Blood pumped from heart to gills Oxygenated blood to body Returns to heart

Fish 5. Nutritional deficiencies Cannot make certain aa Must consume them

Fish evolution First fish jawless Internal skeleton made of cartilage Sucked up small food particles Hagfish: Present day jawless fish

Fig. 34-10

Fish Jaw 410 mya Cartilage, supported gills Teeth evolved Spiny fish with scales had bone No longer exist Bony & sharks developed next Sharks dominated for awhile

Fish Skeleton cartilage with calcium carbonate Lighter skeleton Shark teeth first to be developed Not firmly attached so fall out easily Reproduction advanced with internal fertilization Most females give birth to pups

Fish Bony fish Cartilage is replaced by bone Ossification Early fish evolved in freshwater unlike shark First bony fish were small Fins of thin scales Symmetrical tails

Fish Bony fish most dominant Swim bladder Gas filled sac-keeps them floating Sharks have to keep moving or they sink Lateral line system Helps fish detect movement of objects Helps orient the fish Gill cover

Swim bladder Dorsal fin Adipose fin (characteristic of trout) Caudal Fig. 34-16 Swim bladder Dorsal fin Adipose fin (characteristic of trout) Caudal fin Spinal cord Brain Nostril Cut edge of operculum Anal fin Liver Lateral line Gills Anus Heart Gonad Stomach Urinary bladder Pelvic fin Kidney Intestine

Fig. 34-18

Fig. 34-19 Bones supporting gills Tetrapod limb skeleton

Amphibians First vertebrae to walk on land Descendants of fish Small More species than mammals Frogs, salamanders & caccileans Key role in terrestrial food chains

Amphibians Characteristics 1. Legs 4 legs helps movement (tetrapods) 2. Cutaneous respiration Respiration occurs across their skin Moist skin 3. Lungs Pair of lungs, poorly developed Lower mouth-suck in air

Amphibians 4. Pulmonary veins Return aerated blood to heart Re-pumps to body 5. Partially divided heart Two chambers separated Prevents un-aerated/aerated blood mixing

Amphibian evolution Amphibia Greek “both lives” Evolved from lobe-finned fish Adaptations due to movement on land 1. Legs 2. Lungs 3. Heart 4. Reproduction 5. Keep body from drying out

Amphibians 370 mya in Greenland Present day 3 orders Anura Frogs & toads Frogs smooth, moist skin, long hind legs Live in or near water Toads dry skin, short legs Reproduce in water (tadpoles) Eggs fertilized externally

Amphibians Urodela (Caudata) Salamanders Long tails, moist skin Fertilization external, eggs in water Apoda Tropical burrowing amphibians Resemble worms

Fig. 34-23

Reptiles

Reptiles Characteristics 1. Amniotic egg (Amniotes) Chorion: outer layer of egg Below shell (gas exchange) Amnion: encases the embryo (cushions) Yolk sac: supplies food (blood supply) Allantois: surrounds a cavity in which wastes from the embryo goes

Fig. 34-26

Reptiles 2. Dry skin Watertight skin Scales 3. Thoracic breathing Expand & contract rib cage Pulls air into lungs

Reptiles Evolution 4 major groups of reptiles dominated for 250 million years Dinosaurs Present day reptiles Turtles, lizards, snakes, & crocodiles

(d) Eastern box turtle (Terrapene carolina carolina) Fig. 34-27d (d) Eastern box turtle (Terrapene carolina carolina)

Reptiles Other characteristics Internal fertilization 4 chambered heart Ectothermic: Body temperature determined by environment Regulate temperature by behavior

Birds

Toothed beak Wing claw Airfoil wing with contour feathers Fig. 34-29 Toothed beak Wing claw Airfoil wing with contour feathers Long tail with many vertebrae

Birds Birds successful due to structure of the feather Derived from reptilian scales Bones are thin Hollow

Birds Bird’s anatomy modified to enhance flight. Reduce weight Missing of some organs. Females-only one ovary. Modern birds-toothless Grind food in a muscular gizzard Near stomach.

Birds Descended from dinosaurs Adaptations 1. Efficient respiration 2. Efficient circulation 3. Endothermy Generate heat internally 4. Amniotic egg

Mammals

Mammals 5300 living species Smallest # of species of vertebrae Characteristics 1. Mammary glands Newborns nurse Milk is rich in fat, sugar, protein, vitamins & minerals

Mammals 2. Hair Consists of protein Sensitive to touch (cat) Avoid colliding with objects 3. Endothermy Fat layer under skin 4. Placenta Carry & nourish babies

Mammals 5. Teeth Variety of teeth to match diet 6. Middle ear

Articular Temporal fenestra Quadrate Dentary Jaw joint Squamosal Fig. 34-31 Key Articular Temporal fenestra Quadrate Dentary Jaw joint Squamosal (a) In Biarmosuchus, an early synapsid, the articular and quadrate bones formed the jaw joint. Middle ear Eardrum Middle ear Eardrum Stapes Inner ear Inner ear Stapes Incus (quadrate) Sound Sound Malleus (articular) Present-day reptile Present-day mammal (b) In mammals, the articular and quadrate bones are incorporated into the middle ear.

Mammals 1. Egg-laying Monotremes: duck-billed platypus Found in Australia 2. Marsupials Pouched mammals 3. Placental mammals

Marsupials