Chapter 22~ Descent with Modification: A Darwinian View of Life

Evolution Evolution: the change over time of the genetic composition of populations Natural selection: populations of organisms can change over the generations if individuals having certain heritable traits leave more offspring than others (differential reproductive success) Evolutionary adaptations: a prevalence of inherited characteristics that enhance organisms’ survival and reproduction November 24, 1859

Life’s Natural History is a record of Successions & Extinctions Quaternary Tertiary Cretaceous Jurassic Triassic Permian Carboniferous Devonian Silurian Ordovician Cambrian Ediacaran Precambrian, Proterozoic, & Archarozoic Anaerobic Bacteria Insects Reptiles Dinosaurs Mammals Birds Land Plants Seed Plants Plants Arthropods Chordates Jawless Fish Teleost Fish Amphibians Photosynthetic Bacteria Green Algae Multicellular Animals Molluscs Flowering mya

Evolutionary history Linnaeus: taxonomy Hutton: gradualism Lamarck: evolution Malthus: populations Cuvier: paleontology Lyell: uniformitarianism Darwin: evolution Mendel: inheritance Wallace: evolution

Charles Darwin British naturalist Proposed the idea of evolution by natural selection Collected clear evidence to support his ideas

Voyage of the HMS Beagle Invited to travel around the world – (22 years old!) –makes many observations of nature main mission of the Beagle was to chart South American coastline Stopped in Galapagos Islands 500 miles off coast of Ecuador

Finch?Sparrow? Woodpecker? Warbler? Darwin found… birds Finch?Sparrow? Woodpecker? Warbler? Collected many different birds on the Galapagos Islands. Thought he found very different kinds…

Darwin was amazed to find out: All 14 species of birds were finches… Finch?Sparrow? Woodpecker? Warbler? Finch?Sparrow? Woodpecker? Warbler? But Darwin found… a lot of finches Large Ground Finch Small Ground Finch Warbler FinchVeg. Tree Finch But there is only one species of finch on the mainland! How did one species of finches become so many different species now?

Warbler finch Woodpecker finch Small insectivorous tree finch Large insectivorous tree finch Vegetarian tree finch Cactus finch Sharp-beaked finch Small ground finch Medium ground finch Large ground finch Insect eaters Bud eater Seed eaters Cactus eater Warbler finch Tree finches Ground finches Darwin’s finches Differences in beaks –associated with eating different foods –survival & reproduction of beneficial adaptations to foods available on islands

Darwin’s finches Darwin’s conclusions –small populations of original South American finches landed on islands variation in beaks enabled individuals to gather food successfully in the different environments –over many generations, the populations of finches changed anatomically & behaviorally accumulation of advantageous traits in population emergence of different species

Seeing this gradation & diversity of structure in one small, intimately related group of birds, one might really fancy that from an original paucity of birds in this archipelago, one species has been taken & modified for different ends.

Differences in beaks allowed some finches to… –successfully compete –successfully feed –successfully reproduce pass successful traits onto their offspring Darwin’s finches

Correlation of species to food source Whoa, Turtles, too! More observations…

Essence of Darwin’s ideas Natural selection –variation exists in populations –over-production of offspring more offspring than the environment can support –competition for food, mates, nesting sites, escape predators –differential survival successful traits = adaptations –differential reproduction adaptations become more common in populationadaptations become more common in population

Evolution evidence: Biogeography Geographical distribution of species Examples: Islands vs. Mainland Australia Continents

Evolution evidence: The Fossil Record Succession of forms over time Transitional links Vertebrate descent

Fossil Record

2006 Fossil Discovery of Early Tetrapod Tiktaalik –“missing link” from sea to land animals

Evolution evidence: Comparative Anatomy Homologous structures (homology) Descent from a common ancestor

Homologous structures Similar structure Similar development Different functions Evidence of close evolutionary relationship – recent common ancestor

spines tendrils succulent leaves colored leaves Homologous structures leaves needles

Analogous structures  Separate evolution of structures  similar functions  similar external form  different internal structure & development  different origin  no evolutionary relationship Solving a similar problem with a similar solution Don’t be fooled by their looks!

Vestigial organs Modern animals may have structures that serve little or no function –remnants of structures that were functional in ancestral species –deleterious mutations accumulate in genes for non- critical structures without reducing fitness snakes & whales — remains of pelvis & leg bones of walking ancestors eyes on blind cave fish human tail bone

Evolution evidence: Comparative Embryology Pharyngeal pouches, ‘tails’ as embryos

Evolution evidence: Molecular Biology Similarities in DNA, proteins, genes, and gene products Common genetic code Closely related species have sequences that are more similar than distantly related species  DNA & proteins are a molecular record of evolutionary relationships

Building “family” trees Closely related species (branches) share same line of descent until their divergence from a common ancestor

Artificial selection A rtificial breeding can use variations in populations to create vastly different “breeds” & “varieties” “descendants” of the wolf “descendants” of wild mustard

Natural selection in action Insecticide & drug resistance –insecticide didn’t kill all individuals –resistant survivors reproduce –resistance is inherited –insecticide becomes less & less effective

Final words…... “Absence of evidence is not evidence of absence.”