JEFFERSON, JAMES MADISON & THE WAR OF 1812

 British & French still fighting (remember – they DO NOT GET ALONG! French & Indian War, American Revolution, etc.)  Britain banned American voyages between the French West Indies and France  So, the U.S. and France come up with a plan called Reexport Trade FINISHING UP: JEFFERSON’S FOREIGN POLICY

 British needs soldiers – Impressment (stealing/raiding) of U.S. Ships  Americans angry!  Chesapeake/Leopard Affair (1807)  Leopard (British) fires on Chesapeake (American)  Greatly angered Americans JEFFERSON, CONTINUED

Jefferson, continued  Embargo Act of 1807  Jefferson still doesn’t want to go to war  Ends trade with GB  It DID NOT WORK! –led to bankruptcy among American merchants and farmers  Tainted Jefferson’s reputation at the end of his presidency

 Jefferson leaves with America on the brink of war  James Madison ( from VA) wins in a landslide  Was Jefferson’s Secretary of State  VP = George Clinton ELECTION OF 1808 Years of presidency:

 Imagine you are James Madison, president of the United States in 1809  Read the memo  In small groups (3-4), brainstorm at least 3 ideas for handling the situation with Britain and France. Pick which of these 3 ideas you think would be most effective.  Ex. Forming alliances, declaring war, etc. MEMO TO JAMES MADISON

 Dilemma of how to deal with British & French attacks on U.S. ships  Realizes he can no longer maintain Washington’s policy of ISOLATIONSIM  Offered a deal to both France & GB: If their country would stop attacking American ships, America would no longer trade with their enemy  British refused  France agreed  So, America stopped all trade with GB  But… U.S. ships continued to get attacked by both sides  So, Madison goes to war in 1812! MADISON FACES A DILEMMA

Doves vs. the War Hawks THE WAR HAWKS

HENRY CLAY (KY), SPEAKER OF THE HOUSE (LEADER OF WAR HAWKS)

ANOTHER WARHAWK: JOHN C. CALHOUN (SC)

 With a partner, read the handout and answer the questions on your own paper WAR OF 1812 READINGS & QUESTIONS

THE WAR OF

“MR. MADISON’S WAR”

 August 1814, British troops marched unopposed into DC.  They set fire to the capitol, White House, and many other government buildings  Humiliated DC for weeks BRITISH INVASION OF WASHINGTON

 You are a lawyer and poet  James Madison sent you to Chesapeake Bay to go aboard a British warship and negotiate the release of an American prisoner  While on the boat, the British open fire on Fort McHenry outside of Baltimore…  What would an outsider feel about battle? YOU ARE FRANCIS SCOTT KEY

 September 1814, British lay siege to Baltimore  After witnessing the successful defense of the city and Ft. McHenry, Francis Scott Key wrote the Star Spangled Banner BALTIMORE

 How would you feel as you listened to the battle wage on shore?  What types of things would be at risk for the nation?  What would you be wondering as you drifted off to sleep to the sounds of gunfire and bombs in the distance?  How would you feel once you saw the flag, signifying America’ victory? FRANCIS SCOTT KEY: SONG AS PRIMARY SOURCE

FT. MCHENRY

TREATY OF GHENT – ENDS THE WAR OF 1812

THE BATTLE OF NEW ORLEANS JANUARY 8, 1815

 Hero – Andrew Jackson  Occurred after Treaty was signed  Why was this possible?  Helped legitimize LA Purchase BATTLE OF NEW ORLEANS JANUARY 8, 1815

1.America formally and finally gains independence from England 2.Impressment is ended 3.Standing Army and Navy 4.Collapse of the Federalist Party 5.Rise of Andrew Jackson as a national hero 6.Era of Good Feelings – stability in American government RESULTS OF THE WAR OF 1812

 You have been hired by a movie company who will be making film about the War of 1812  You must make a poster advertisement to represent the War of 1812, containing text and images that will give potential movie- goers an understanding of what happened during the war  Include a tagline MOVIE POSTER FOR THE WAR OF 1812

Unit III Nationalism, Sectionalism, & the Era of Good Feelings

Do you feel more allegiance to your region (Winston-Salem/Forsyth County), your state (North Carolina), or your country (the United States)?... Or another country? How do you associate these with your identity? What does it mean to you to be American? THINK-PAIR-SHARE

Nationalism  What do we have in common in this room?  What could our national identity be based on?  Is America united enough to be considered a nation?  Can nations exist that are not countries?

 What is NATIONALISM?  First, let’s define NATION.  A large group of people united by common descent, history, culture, or language, living in a particular area.  NATIONALISM is loyalty or devotion to your nation.  Why was nationalism on the rise at this time in U.S. history? NATIONALISM: AN “ERA OF GOOD FEELINGS” REASONS: Success in War of 1812 Nationalist economics: Henry Clay’s American System Boost in federal power from Judiciary American art and literature flourish

 What is SECTIONALISM?  First, let’s define REGION.  Part of a country or the world having definable characteristics but not always fixed boundaries  Some REASONS:  Differing economies: Industrial (North) vs. Agricultural (South)  Issues over slavery  Differences in population growth (Immigration )  Development of cities in the North SECTIONALISM SECTIONALISM is an exaggerated devotion or allegiance to the interests of a region (the North vs. the South).

THE “ERA OF GOOD FEELINGS”: AMERICAN NATIONALISM

The “Era of Good Feelings” promoted Nationalism in the US between 1816 & 1820 Economic Cultural DomesticPolitical “Nationalism” is… The glorification of one’s nation

 EQ: How did domestic & foreign policies reflect the nationalism of the times?  Economic  What nationalistic economic policies surfaced during the 1820’s?  The American System, developed by Senator Henry Clay

Henry’s Clay’s American System consisted of three main policies:  Protective tariffs  Building new roads & canals to link the states (Atlantic & Midwest)  Establish Second Bank of the U.S.  How do each of these policies promote nationalism?

 Henry Clay’s American System West Food Stuffs South Raw Materials (cotton) NE Manufactured Goods Raw materials to cities Manufactured goods Food stuffs to feed workers Migration  What new inventions are being used in each region?

 Cultural  Nationalism also influenced art & literature  Literature – American Renaissance  James Fenimore Cooper  The Last of the Mohicans  First American to make a career as a novelist  Webster’s American Dictionary  Novelists expressed pride in the new nation and its immense potential

 Cultural  Artists – Depicted America’s beautiful landscape  Hudson River School  Group of landscape painters who used realistic detail to depict the beauty of nature and reflect the spirit of nationalism  How do these images reflect nationalism?

 Political  John Quincy Adams (President Monroe’s Secretary of State) promotes national expansion  Adams-Onis Treaty  US gains Florida from Spain, open to settlement  Monroe Doctrine  Latin American nations gained independence from European countries  Warned European countries to stay out of Latin America  How do these policies reflect nationalism?

 Domestic  Supreme Court rulings under John Marshall  Chief Justice from 1801 to 1835  Favored a strong federal government, gave more power to the federal government  McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)  Denied the right of a state to tax a federal agency (a national bank)  Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)  Upheld congressional power to regulate commerce between states (NY steamboat monopoly)  How did these decisions reflect nationalism?

SECTIONALISM – DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE NORTH AND SOUTH EQ – How did the North and South differ during the early 1800s?

 Sectional Differences Emerge  As you watch the following clip, consider the following questions:  What caused the Panic of 1819?  What were some of the major differences between the North & South?  How did the Missouri Compromise highlight these differences?

Economic Panic and the Missouri Compromise

Sectional Differences Emerge  Missouri Territory applies for statehood  Why is this a problem?  There are an equal number of slave/free states, Missouri would tip the balance  Henry Clay – Missouri Compromise (1820)  Missouri = slave  Maine = free (split from Massachusetts)  line: north= free, south = slave

Differences between North and South Economy Agricultural, slavery Industrialized NorthSouth

 Differences between North and South Pop. Growth & Citizens -Lower population -Slower population growth -Lower education -Population grew quickly -Middle class -Working class -Immigrants face prejudice NorthSouth

 Differences between North and South Cities, Develop., & Indust. -Few large cities -Limited regional development -Slavery spread, plantations grow -Industrialization spread quickly -Factories -Cities grew NorthSouth

What common interests and similarities do these two regions share? -Both rely on cotton crop -King Cotton -Both rely on new technology -Cotton gin (Eli Whitney) makes cotton profitable

AMERICAN LAND EXPANSION

VERMONT (1791)

KENTUCKY (1792)

 Cleared 2/3 of Ohio/Indian of Indian Tribes  British abandon NW Territory, flee to Canada THE TREATY OF GREENVILLE (1795)

 Normalized relations with Spain  USA gains free access to Mississippi River PINCKNEY’S TREATY (1795)

TENNESSEE (1796)

OHIO (1803)

LOUISIANA (1812)

 Settled all border disputes between the USA and Spain  Florida and Western lands were purchased for $5 million ADAMS-ONIS TREATY (1819)