COLBOURNE COLLEGE PRESENTED BY SADEKE SMITH

 Define tourism  Explain the tourism system  Identify types of tourism  Explain why people travel  Examine the factors that stimulate travel

The sum of the phenomena and relationships arising from the travel & stay of non-residents, in so far as they do not lead to permanent residence and are not connected to any earning activity ( Halloway, 1998 pp. 1- 2)

The Tourism Society in Britain describes tourism “in terms of particular activities selected by choice and undertaken outside the home environment. They may or may not involve overnight stay away from home (Halloway,1998 p. 2)”

Jafari also defines tourism as: “the study of man away from his usual habitat, of the industry which responds to his needs and of the impacts that both he and the industry have on the host socio-cultural, economic and physical environment.”

Leiper (1981, cited by Ernawati 2002) also defines tourism as “an open system of five elements interaction with broader environments, the human element, tourists; three geographical elements:  generating region,  transit routes and destination region;  an economic element, the tourist industry.”

Comprises:  tourists  generating region  transit routes  destination region  the tourist industry

 Domestic;  Regional;  International;  Long haul;  Short haul;  Inbound;  Outbound;

This is the point from where the potential tourists are coming into a region.  Major expenditure occurs here  The region loses inhabitants temporarily  New tastes and desires are taken into the region

The path that the visitor has to take to get to the destination.  This is dependent on the mode of transportation that is being used – air, land or sea.  The transit route may be a country, a town or the open seas.  A transit route may become a tourism destination.

The place to which the visitors are attracted.  This area should possess features that can sustain the interest of the visitors.  the development of a destination is influenced by factors outside of the destination e.g. transportation technology.

These include:  attractions,  accommodation,  food & beverage,  tourism services,  the travel trade,  transportation,  events and conferences, and  adventure tourism.

TYPES OF TOURISM

 Focus: Three Ss  To North to South  Large numbers  Has distinct peak seasons  Ownership - foreign-based CONVENTIONAL MASS TOURISM

 Low levels of local involvement in the planning and management  Locals employed primarily in the semi-skilled and un- skilled categories

 Tourists are primarily price sensitive – package tours Example: cruise tourism, resort- based/beach tourism

Characteristics  It attempts to protect, conserve and enhance the quality of the environment.  It answers the question of who benefits by fostering development that complement local attributes ALTERNATIVE TYPES OF TOURISM

 It minimises impact on the environment  It promotes smaller scale of development Examples – eco-tourism, community tourism, special events tourism

Travel for physical activities such as:  Play  Rest and relaxation  Pleasure seeking

Travel as a means of authenticating experiences and discovering new things from:  Movies  Books  Discussions Curiosity is the main motivator here.

 Travel for interpersonal reasons:  To become reacquainted with persons e.g. VFR;  person may also travel to meet other people with similar interests and desires.

 Travel for cultural reasons:  To discover new cultures – one of the most popular reasons to travel  For religious reasons – pilgrimages, conventions  To attend festivals – Food, Cultural etc.

 Travel as a form of imperialism:  Tourism often called neo- colonialism  Provides the ability to flaunt wealth  Prestige and status important

 Travel to seek knowledge  Attending universities abroad  Travel to differentiate oneself for members of one’s social class

A body of learned behaviors common to a given human societysociety Characteristics:  Involves teaching and learning  Norms/meanings are negotiated  Constantly changing

 Geography weather and climate; physical location; topography; vegetation  Politics  Contact

1. Culture:  Determines rules for behaviour  help to develop certain perceptions and attitudes  influence how we evaluate the world  Determines our level of satisfaction with a destination  can cause difficulties in social interaction (Mills, pp. 244 – 245)

2. MOTIVATION - Factors that drive a persons to act in a particular manner. Motives may be seen as push or pull factors

Examples of push factors:  negative factors at home  pressure from society  relaxation

 Examples of pull factors:  Climate – warm or cold  Scenic beauty  Proximity to source market  Attitudes of locals toward tourists  Services offered at the destination  Cost – access and local costs  The level of risk at the destination

Concerns characteristics inside people that explain why they do what they do (Hogan, 2000). Plog’s personality and destination choice model  Psycho-centric  Near psycho-centric  Mid-centric  Near Allocentric  Allocentric

 rate of involvement declines  The types of activities change too  Young adults have a very high tendency to travel  Older people will, however, travel farther; they seek quality, educational experiences than the young. (Mill, 2002)

 Disposable income – is that money that is left over after taxes are paid  Discretionary income – is the money that remains after taking care of personal expenses and needs Certain factors facilitate a higher disposable income – Education, Marriage, Age

 Single,  Married With No Children,  Married With Infant Children  Married With Young Children  Married With Adolescent Children  Older And Married

Travel is a voyage of discovery for the individual. He/she has to:  Manage their resources  Manage their time  Manage their interactions – degree of contact  Manoeuvre cultural values and norms  Culture shocks  Socio-cultural differences

Family travel:  contributes to store of memory   helps bring about cohesion  teaches management of resources  provides an education for the entire family

 Campbell, (2002). [online] University of Manitoba. Available at: ple/campbell/123120_2c.pdf [Accessed 15 Sep. 2015].  Ernawati, D. (2002). 1st ed. [ebook] Available at: [Accessed 15 Sep. 2015].  Holloway, J. (1998). The business of tourism. Harlow: Longman.  Mills, (2012). Culture Definition. [online] Available at: e/culture-definition.html [Accessed 15 Sep. 2015].