A.P. Exam Review Regular Review Day 1

Big Idea #1 The chemical elements are fundamental building materials of matter, and all matter can be understood in terms of the arrangements of atoms. These atoms retain their identity in chemical reactions.

Enduring Understanding A All matter is made of atoms. There are a limited number of types of atoms; these are the elements. Enduring Understanding B The atoms of each element have unique structures arising from interactions between electrons and nuclei. First instance of Coulombic Attaction

Enduring Understanding C Elements display periodicity in their properties when the elements are organized according to increasing atomic number. Enduring Understanding D Atoms are so small that they are difficult to study directly; atomic models are constructed to explain experimental data on collections of atoms

Enduring Understanding E Atoms are conserved in physical and chemical processes.

Duality Background Info Equations = c E= Duality of matter Wave ** Equation Heisenberg It explained Named: Characteristics Equation: Flaw: ATOMIC STRUCTURE A.P. CHEM. CH. 7 Particle Wave mass  LightMatter Planck / Einstein U.V. catastrophe/ photelelectric effect Young Double Slit Dalton DeBroglie xx h mc 2 Bohr Model Atom doesn’t collapse H Bright-Line Spectra Discrete energy levels Electron transitions Quantum model E n =-2.178x J(Z 2 /n 2 ) Bohr didn’t know why Wave-Mechanical Model DeBroglie Schroedinger Uncert. Princ. Observer affects the observed  x  mv ≥ h/4  m  h  c  h  mv P E

= ** Defined: Can be applied to atoms other than hydrogen by finding: = mole e - n 2 Z act - repulsive effects Can be found by knowing I.E. equation I.E.= 1310 kJ Not as low as could be in certain instances due to: Know the trends of this Relate to Chart Rules for multielectronic atoms: Representations H  E  position Wave function High prob. region orbital Z eff Repulsions/ core shielding Hydrogen like orbitals s p d f aufbau Pauli Hund’s Config. Not. Orbital. Not. Z 2 eff penetration I.E. E.A. size

Mass Spectrometry A small sample is ionized usually into cations. (ION SOURCE) The ions are separated and sorted by their mass and charge. (MASS ANALYZER) The separated ions are measured and results displayed on a chart. (THE DETECTOR) Mass Spectrum… a vertical bar graph in which each bar represents a specific ion by mass and charge with the length of each bar representing the abundance of the ion

There are 100 particles of this element with a mass of 11 amu for every 23 with a mass of 10 amu. boron 51.5 % - mass of 90 amu 11.2 % - mass of 91 amu 17.1 % - mass of 92 amu 17.4 % - mass of 94 amu 2.8 % - mass of 96 amu zirconium

B C A E