Apartheid

History of South Africa Europeans became interested in South Africa as a trade route… Cape of Good Hope important to global trade from Europe to India The Suez Canal did not exist until 1869

The Dutch (known as the Boers or Afrikaners ) In 1652, the Dutch set up a supply station at the Cape of Good Hope Grew over the next 150 years…

Arrival of the Dutch

The British The British seized the Cape Colony from the Dutch at the end of the 18th century.

Shaka Zulu

Zulu Warriors

Anglo-Zulu War

Anglo-Boer Wars

Definition of Apartheid Physical separation of different races into different geographic areas. Literally means ‘apartness’ in Afrikaans (West Germanic… stems from Dutch) Policy in South Africa from 1948 to 1994.

U.S. policy in the 1950’s

Apartheid Formally Begins In the 1948 elections, the National Party (NP) was elected. The National Party was made up of whites They immediately began to implement Apartheid Laws

Practice of Apartheid 1. Legislation was passed prohibiting miscegenation (mixed-race marriage) 2. Individuals were classified by race, and a classification board was created to rule in questionable cases. People were classified into 4 main groups: 1. White 2. Black 3. Asian/Indian 4. Coloured (mixed race)

Homelands The Black majority were forced to live in ‘Homelands” that were similar to our Indian Reservations. Black areas rarely had plumbing or electricity.

Homelands Blacks would no longer be citizens of South Africa; rather, they would become citizens of the independent "homelands” The were stripped of their citizenship!

Township of Johannesburg

Homelands 87% of the land was reserved for whites, coloureds and Asians = 20% of the population 13% of the land was divided into ten 'homelands' for blacks = 80% of the population

Homelands non-whites could not vote.

Apartheid Laws Blacks could not live or work in white areas unless they had a pass

Apartheid Laws The Separate Amenities Act of 1953 created, separate buses, hospitals, schools and universities. - Black hospitals were seriously understaffed and under funded, with many black areas without a hospital at all. - Separate but NOT equal

boys watching a soccer game at an all white school

Apartheid Laws - Public beaches were racially segregated, with the best ones reserved for whites. Public swimming pools and libraries were also segregated. There were practically no pools nor libraries for blacks.

Segregated Beach

Apartheid Laws -Trains and buses were segregated. - Bus stops were segregated (“Black buses” stopped at black bus stops and “white buses” at white stops) - Trains had 1 st and 2 nd class sections for whites and 3 rd class sections for blacks.

Apartheid Laws Blacks were not allowed to employ whites. Black police were not allowed to arrest whites. Cinemas and theatres in "white areas“ were not allowed to admit blacks. Blacks were not allowed to buy hard liquor

Apartheid Laws Black Africans were prohibited from attending "white" churches Most blacks were stripped of their South African citizenship when the "homelands" were declared "independent". They thus were no longer able to apply for South African passports. THEY COULD NOT LEAVE!

Apartheid Non-whites had to carry identity documents (passbooks),

The International Community The UN and the International Criminal Court defined Apartheid as one of the eleven crimes against humanity at a convention in This pushed the need for internal resistance The African National Congress (ANC) began to take action

The ANC (African National Congress) advocated resistance in the form of strikes, acts of public disobedience, and protest marches.

The Sharpeville Massacre In 1960, groups gathered in Sharpeville to protest against the ID cards. A group of about 300 police opened fire on the demonstrators, killing 69 and injuring 186. The government then banned the ANC – called them “terrorists”

Resistance Underground The ANC continued their resistance Protests, intimidation, bombings, boycotts… The Prime Minister declared forces could detain people without a trial Over 18,000 demonstrators were arrested, including many leaders of the ANC ANC leader Nelson Mandela was charged with treason in 1964, Mandela and 7 others were sentenced to life imprisonment.

Resistance Mandela’s trial was condemned by the UN international community started to force sanctions against the South African Government. For example, they banned trade, which was an economic sanction Investors refused to invest in SA companies Sports teams were banned from international competition Tourism was boycotted

White Resistance – 1980’s Although the majority of whites supported Apartheid, some opposed it. Western countries started to fund the ANC

F.W. deKlerk 1989, became Prime Minister Repealed apartheid laws, released political prisoners. 1990, 27 years after his arrest, Nelson Mandela was a free man

F.W. Klerk took the initiative to abolish Apartheid in 1990

Mandela 1993, deKlerk and Mandela were rewarded the Nobel Peace Prize April 27 is a public holiday in SA known as Freedom Day Nelson Mandela became the first democratically elected State President of South Africa on May 10 th June 1999

A voter casts her ballot in a polling station in April 1994.

South Africa Today Apartheid is not the law anymore However, it will take years to erase the damage it did. The ANC has had LOTS of corruption For instance: Today in South Africa the average income for whites is still 10 times what it is for blacks.