“Make it as easy as a Google Book Search.” Learning how to make the catalog usable Presented by Lynn Silipigni Connaway, Ph.D. Senior Research Scientist OCLC Research Cataloging and Beyond: The Year of Cataloging Research ALA Annual Conference June 27, 2010

The Digital Information Seeker: Report of findings from selected OCLC, JISC & RIN User Behaviour Projects Funded by JISC Analysis of 12 user behaviour studies Conducted in US and UK Published within last 5 years Synthesis Better understand user information- seeking behaviour Identify issues for development of user-focused services and systems

“The majority of researchers in all disciplines have adapted readily to the widespread availability of digital content, accessible directly from their desktops.” (Consortium of University Research Libraries, and Research Information Network Researchers' use of academic libraries and their services: A report. London: Research Information Network and Consortium of University Research Libraries (CURL), p. 23) Common Findings: User Behaviors

Convenience dictates choice between physical & virtual library Very little time using content “Squirreling” of downloads Prefer quick chunks of information Visit only a few minutes Use basic search

Use snippets from e-books View only a few pages Short visits Simple searching of Google-like interfaces Power browsing Value human resources Common Findings: User Behaviors

Common Findings: The Library = Collections of books Desire Selective Dissemination of Information (SDI) More digital content = Better Used for research Use library less since began using Internet

Common Findings: The Library Criticize physical library & traditional services Faculty praise physical collection Electronic databases not perceived as library sources Frustration with locating and accessing full-text copies

Common Findings: User Literacy Skills Information literacy skills Lacking Not kept pace with digital literacy Researchers self-taught & confident

Common Findings: The Web Search engine first choice Starting point Easy and convenient to use Quick searches to become familiar with subjects Rate search engines better lifestyle fit than libraries Trust Google to understand

Common Findings: The Search Search strategies differ by context Database interfaces hinder access Desire enhanced functionality & content to evaluate resources Prefer natural language

Common Findings: The Catalog Value databases & other online sources Do not understand what resources available in libraries Cannot distinguish between databases held by a library & other online sources

Common Findings: The Catalog Library OPACs difficult to use “I wish the results page would list a short blurb (one line) about the book similar to the way Google shows you a tiny bit about what a site link is about.” (Calhoun, Karen, et al Online catalogs: What users and librarians want: An OCLC report. Dublin, Ohio: OCLC, p. 17) “Make the library catalog more like search engines.” (Connaway, Lynn Silipigni, Chandra Prabha, and Timothy J. Dickey Sense-making the information confluence: The whys and hows of college and university user satisficing of information needs. Phase III: Focus group interview study. Report on National Leadership Grant LG , to Institute of Museum and Library Services, Washington, D.C. Columbus, Ohio: School of Communication, The Ohio State University, p. 16)

Common Findings: The Catalog “The end user’s experience of the delivery of wanted items is as important, if not more important, than his or her discovery experience.” (Calhoun, Karen, et al Online catalogs: What users and librarians want: An OCLC report. Dublin, Ohio: OCLC p. v)

Common Findings: The Catalog Search behaviors vary by discipline Desire seamless process from D2D Sciences most satisfied Social Sciences & Arts & Humanities have serious gaps Foreign language materials Multi-author collections Journal back files Lack of specialist search engines

Common Findings: The Catalog “Refine down” from large result lists More full-text digital content

Common Findings: The Catalog Make results obviously relevant Catalog should contain helps for navigation & evaluation of sources “Use weighting in the search algorithm.” Expect enhanced content Provide advanced search option & facets Mixed reaction of social features (Calhoun, Karen, et al Online catalogs: What users and librarians want: An OCLC report. Dublin, Ohio: OCLC, p. 14)

Common Findings: The Catalog “It is very clear that Google has emerged as a real force in the accessing and discovery of research content which is rivalling university library catalogues.” (Hampton-Reeves, Stuart, Claire Mashiter, Jonathan Westaway, Peter Lumsden, Helen Day, Helen Hewerston, and Anna Hart Students’ use of research content in teaching and learning: A report of the Joint Information Systems Council (JISC), p. 30)

Common Findings: Metadata Satisfactory information search Quality of information “Worthwhile” information Quality metadata essential for discovery Inadequately cataloged resources result in underuse

Common Findings: Metadata Library ownership of sources essential data element Differences exist between the catalog data quality priorities of users & librarians

Contradictory Findings “Google generation” claims may not be supported Search engine speed may not be most important Little support for library OPAC advanced search options & social features

Transaction Log Analysis: WorldCat.org and First Search Interfaces Types of Search WorldCat.orgTypes of Search FirstSearch All indexes29.82%Keyword32.58% ISBN22.51%Title26.50% Author7.54%Author15.16% Language6.05%DocType8.98% Subject5.24%Publication Date 3.13% Title3.81%Subject2.19%

Transaction Log Analysis: WorldCat.org and First Search Interfaces Results SetsWorldCat.orgFirstSearch Results=07.69%13.40% Results=132.77%25.46% Results= %32.51% Results= %10.53% Results= %5.65%

Transaction Log Analysis: WorldCat.org and First Search Interfaces Results SetsWorldCat.orgFirstSearch Results %68.50% Results > %18.10% Results > %1.55% Results >1,000, %0.01%

Transaction Log Analysis: Failed (0-hit) searches WorldCat.orgFirstSearch Typo140 (27%)83.5 (16%) Wrong Field14.5 (3%)58 (11%) Improper term or syntax64 (12%)46 (9%) Incorrect term or too many terms66.5 (13%)109.5 (21%) Seems ok60 (11%)56 (11%) Other5 (1%)21 (4%) Item not in database?161.5 (31%)147.5 (28%) Not a bibliographic question13.5 (3%)2.5 (0%)

Conclusions Simple searches & power browsing “Squirreling” of downloads Natural language Convenience very important Human resources valued D2D of full-text digital content desired Transparency of ranking results Evaluative information included in catalog More robust metadata

Implications for Libraries Serve different constituencies Adapt to changing user behaviors Offer services in multiple formats Provide seamless access to digital content Create metadata based on user needs Advertise resources, brand, & value

“Who has the most scientific knowledge of large- scale organization, collection, and access to information? Librarians! A librarian can take a book, put it somewhere, and then guarantee to find it again.” Peter Bol, Carswell Professor of East Asian Languages & Civilization (Shaw, Jonathan Gutenberg: Harvard’s libraries deal with disruptive change. Harvard Magazine, May-June, p. 36.)

Implications for Library Systems Build on & integrate search engine features Provide search help at time of need Chat & IM help during search Adopt user-centered development approach

Future Research Development of a physical/virtual resource allocation model Roles of social networking, mobile technology, & texting Longitudinal user behavior study How individuals engage in both virtual and physical worlds How individuals navigate in multiple information environments Why people make their information choices

End Notes Connaway, L.S., & Dickey, T.J. (2010). Towards a profile of the researcher of today: The digital information seeker: Report of findings from selected OCLC, RIN, and JISC user behavior projects. orts/2010/digitalinformationseekerreport.pdf orts/2010/digitalinformationseekerreport.pdf Funded by JISC Project Web Site URL: informationseekers.aspx

Questions & Comments Lynn Silipigni Connaway