Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings PowerPoint ® Lecture Slide Presentation prepared by Christine L. Case Microbiology B.E Pruitt & Jane J. Stein AN INTRODUCTION EIGHTH EDITION TORTORA FUNKE CASE Chapter 18 Practical Applications of Immunology

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Vaccine History Variolation: Inoculation of smallpox into skin (18 th century) Vaccination: Inoculation of cowpox into skin Herd immunity results when most of a population is immune to a disease.

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings DtaP Diphtheria: Purified diphtheria toxoid Pertussis: Acellular fragments of B. pertussis Tetanus: Purified tetanus toxoid Meningococcal meningitis: Purified polysaccharide from N. meningitidis Haemophilus influenzae type b meningitis: Polysaccharides conjugated with protein Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine: S. pneumoniae antigens conjugated with protein Principal Vaccines Used in the United States to Prevent Bacterial Diseases in Humans

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Smallpox: Live vaccinia virus Poliomyelitis: Inactivated virus Rabies: Inactivated virus Hepatitis A: Inactivated virus Influenza: Inactivated or attenuated virus Measles: Attenuated virus Mumps: Attenuated virus Rubella: Attenuated virus Chickenpox: Attenuated virus Hepatitis B: Antigenic fragments (recombinant vaccine) Principal Vaccines Used in the United States to Prevent Viral Diseases in Humans

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Precipitation Reactions Involve soluble antigens with antibodies Figure 18.3

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Agglutination Reactions Involve particulate antigens and antibodies Antigens may be: On a cell (direct agglutination) Attached to latex spheres (indirect or passive agglutination) Figure 18.4

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Antibody Titer Is the concentration of antibodies against a particular antigen Figure 18.5

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Hemagglutination Hemagglutination involves agglutination of RBCs. Viral hemagglutination inhibition tests for antibodies by the antibodies' ability to prevent viruses from agglutinating RBCs. Figure 18.7

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Neutralization Reactions Eliminate the harmful effect of a virus or exotoxin Figure 18.8b

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Complement Fixation Figure

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Complement Fixation Figure

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Fluorescent Antibody Techniques (Direct) Figure 18.10a

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Fluorescent Antibody Techniques (Indirect) Figure 18.10b

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (Direct ELISA) Figure 18.12a

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (Indirect ELISA) Figure 18.12b

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Serological Tests Figure 18.13

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Serological Tests Direct tests detect antigens (from patient sample) Indirect tests detect antibodies (in patient's serum)

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Serological Tests Agglutination: Particulate antigens Hemagglutination: Agglutination of RBCs Precipitation: Soluble antigens Fluorescent-antibody technique: Antibodies linked to fluorescent dye Complement fixation: RBCs are indicator Neutralization: Inactivates toxin or virus ELISA: Peroxidase enzyme is the indicator