Industrial Revolution Major Inventions of the th centuries

Spinning Jenny

Invented by: James Hargreaves Description: Allowed more thread to be produced by spinners Impact: Spinning process FASTER

Water-powered loom

Developed by: Edmund Cartwright Impact: Weavers could keep pace with the surplus of yarn produced by new spinning machines

Steam engine

Improved by: James Watt Description: Made changes that enabled engine to drive factory machinery Impact: Railroad industry booms; Factories can be built AWAY from WATER

Railroad

Description: A steam locomotive that ran on rails Impact: Helped lay foundations for larger markets (Transportation) and opened up new forms of investment

Paddle-wheel Steamboat

Built by: Robert Fulton Impact: Transportation along canals, rivers, and lakes made easier

Industrial Societies What makes an industrial society? Do the benefits of industrialization justify the costs?

The Second Industrial Revolution

New Industrial Frontiers Steel, Chemicals, Electricity : Steel replaced iron Steel: Lighter, smaller, faster machines, engines, railroads, etc. Electricity: Convertible into heat, light, motion New transportation: ocean liners, airplanes, automobiles

2 New Economic Zones Industrial – Makes Stuff Agricultural – Grows Stuff Go to the map on p. 617

Attempts at Reform

LABOR UNIONS Formed by laborers to work for change Unions negotiate for better pay, conditions with employers 1 st Legal Strikes in GB in 1870s Union goals –higher wages –shorter hours –improved conditions

Universal Education Causes –2 nd Ind Rev needed skilled workers –To better educate voters –To build Patriotism Effects –Need more Teacher, so more Colleges –Increased Literacy, so more Newspapers

Socialism Ideology Equality of all people Upset with elites (bankers, industrialists,etc) Replace competition w/ cooperation Early socialists: “Utopians” Ultimate goal: classless society

Marxist Socialism A system in which society, usually in the form of the government, owns and controls the means of production (nat. resources, factories, etc.)

Karl Marx: “World history… is the history of class struggles.”

Marx’s Theory Industrialized societies split into two great classes Oppressors vs. Oppressed Struggle leads to violent revolution Dictatorship: gov. in which a person or group has absolute power Final Revolution  Classless society

Key Terms

Bourgeoisie The Middle Class French origin; Sometimes negative connotation— Ambition, greed

Proletariat The Working class; From Marx’s theory (i.e. Russian Revolution)

Industrial Capitalism Economic system based on industrial production Produced middle class; people who built factories, bought machines, studied markets