Working Conditions The machines were exposed and dangerous Children worked in hard to reach places-dangerous Often lived with 6 people in one room Not paid well Exhausted 12 hour shifts

Reforms to Factory Work Robert Owen and Titus Salt started some of the reforms Other factory workers did not like the reforms (less money) Reforms: Factory Act 1819 Limited the hours worked by children to a maximum of 12 per day. Factory Act 1833 Children under 9 banned from working in the textiles industry and year olds limited to a 48 hour week. Factory Act 1844 Maximum of 12 hours work per day for Women. Factory Act 1847 Maximum of 10 hours work per day for Women and children. Factory Act 1850 Increased hours worked by Women and children to 10 and a half hours a day, but not allowed to work before 6am or after 6pm No worker allowed to work more than 56.5 hours per week.

Farm Economy Individual families produce everything they need on their farm Luxury items are sent from England Wealth is measured in property

Market Economy Based on jobs and money Families bought more things than they made Wealth is measured in money.

Main Figures of the Industrial Revolution Samuel Slater Francis Cabot Lowell Eli Whitney

Textiles Fancy word for cloth or fabric Late 1700s: England made the best AND cheapest cloth England used cotton-spinning machines to make their textiles English factories kept their machines secret so no American factories could compete with them.

Samuel Slater America’s first corporate spy Worked in a cotton factory in England Memorized how cotton-spinning machines were made. Came to America (1790) and shared the secret with American businessmen

Samuel Slater

Francis Cabot Lowell Saw a power loom in England After seeing the power loom once Lowell understood how it worked and made his own loom in the USA.

Lowell System Francis Cabot Lowell hired young women to work his factories. He paid them less than men He offered attractive incentives: Boarding house near the factory Religious instruction Educational opportunities

Eli Whitney Introduced the idea of interchangeable parts Before this time a musket was made by a gunsmith. Each gun would be a little different so if it broke a gunsmith would have to be make a replacement part. Now you could fix a gun using parts of another gun etc. Applied this idea to machines used in the industrial revolution

Eli Whitney Invented the Cotton Gin Took seeds out of cotton 50 times faster than by hand Made cotton more readily available for making textiles Greatly increased the demand for slaves

Timeline of Industrial Revolution Inventions 1733 Flying shuttle invented by John Kay - an improvement to looms that enabled weavers to weave faster Cotton mills were first opened in England Spinning jenny invented by James Hargreaves - the first machine to improve upon the spinning wheel.

1764 Water frame invented by Richard Arkwright - the first powered textile machine. 1769Arkwright patented the water frame. 1770Hargreaves patented the Spinning Jenny. 1773The first all-cotton textiles were produced in factories.

1785Cartwright patented the power loom. It was improved upon by William Horrocks, known for his invention of the variable speed batton in Cotton goods production had increased 10 fold since Samuel Slater brought textile machinery design to the US. 1790Arkwright built the first steam powered textile factory in Nottingham, England.

1792Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin - a machine that automated the separation of cottonseed from the short-staple cotton fiber Joseph Marie Jacquard invented the Jacquard Loom that weaved complex designs. Jacquard invented a way of automatically controlling the warp and weft threads on a silk loom by recording patterns of holes in a string of cards William Horrocks invented the variable speed batton (for an improved power loom) 1856William Perkin invented the first synthetic dye.