Hydrosphere Water of the Earth!!

Water Cycle

Evaporation – liquid water changes into water vapor. (apply heat) p.1

Transpiration – where plants give off water vapor p.1

Evapotranspiration p.1 evaporation + transpiration in one word

Sublimation – solid straight to gas p.1 Solids that are introduced to high heat over a short period of time can skip the liquid phase. Typical phase change Solid → Liquid → Gas Sublimation Solid → Gas

Condensation – when water vapor rises into the atmosphere it cools, then forms clouds. p.2

Condensation leads To Precipitation p.2 Rain, sleet, snow: any form of water falling to earth.

Water Storage on Earth p.2 Ice Caps Snow Oceans Lakes Ground Water

Water Budget p.3 The continuous cycle of evapotranspiration, condensing, and precipitation gives us the earth’s water budget. Usually is balanced for any given area. World Water Budget is not balanced. What might be some reasons why?

Local Water Budgets Rain forest Desert Michigan

Some places are losing fresh water.

Water Conservation What Can We Do? Great Lakes – Water Losses Be Involved – vote for laws to save our Great Lakes.

Bottled Water Empty your bottles before you throw them away! Plastic Does Not break down in a landfill! That water is locked up forever.

Lower Consumption Install water conserving toilets Less watering of lawns Shorter showers Fix leaks Turn off water when Brushing teeth

Government Help

Human Impact

Quiz

13.2 River Systems Tributaries – feeder streams to river system Water shed – drainage basin Divides – elevated ground to separate water sheds Gully – narrow ditch Runoff – water that is not soaked into soil

Watershed

Mississippi River Water Shed

Great Lakes

Stream Erosion Channel – path the stream follows Headward erosion – process of lengthening and branching of stream Stream piracy – capturing water from other water sheds through erosion

Erosion

Channel Erosion banks – edges of stream channel above water Bed – part of the stream below water level Stream Loads – materials carried by stream including water, soil, rocks, minerals Loads: 1. Suspended - fine and silt (floating by speed, velocity) 2. Bed – coarse sand, gravel, pebbles (slides and rolls) Saltation – short jumps 3. Dissolved - TDS

Discharge and Gradient Discharge – volume of water moved by stream Gradient – steepness of its slope Velocity – speed of stream Headwaters - beginning

Niagra Falls

Frozen Niagra Falls

Water and Wind Gaps Water gap – erosion of earth rising causes water to need to go uphill Ex. Delaware water gap Wind gap – notch created where water can no longer pass

Stages of a River System Youthful rivers – rapid erosion of bed, v-shaped valley, steep banks, waterfalls and rapids, few tributaries, less water Mature rivers – well established tributaries, erosion of banks, low gradient, meanders forming, oxbow lake Old rivers – lower gradient, slower, more meaders, fewer tributaries, little erosion, deposits sediments Rejuvenated rivers – gradient of stream becomes steeper resulting in steplike terraces (Miss. River, Tequm lower falls)

Assignment Pg. 251 #1-5

13.3 Stream Deposition rocks Stones Pebbles Gravel Course sand Fine sand silt

Deltas and Alluvial Fans Greatest deposition at area stream dumps into large body of water Delta – fan shaped deposit at mouth of river Alluvial fan – load causing flatten out after a step slope 1. sediments on dry ground, delta wet 2. coarse sand and gravel, delta mud 3. sloped whereas delta flat

Delta

Flood Deposits Floodplain – deposits of silt and sand Springtime - ^with snowmelt v evapotranspiration Ice jams Natural levees – deposits silt and sand

Flood Control Indirect methods: 1. Forestation 2. Soil conservation to prevent runoff Direct methods: 1. dam (electric, irrigation, human recreation) 2. levees 3. overflood channels

Assignment Pg. 255 #1-5 Pg #1-12