Chapter 25 Porcine Endoparasites and Ectoparasites Dr. Dipa Brahmbhatt VMD, MPH, MS

Reading Assignment Chapter 25: Common Porcine Diseases

ECTOPARASITES

Sarcoptes scabiei – Mange mite LC: 3 weeks CS: pruritis and papules. Dx: Skin scrapings Tx: Ivermectin ZOONOTIC

Haematopinus suis – Hog Louse Pediculosis, host specific, contagious LC: 3 weeks CS: pruritis Dx: check skin Tx: Amitraz, Ivermectin Prevention: Hygiene

Figure 7-4 A, Thousands of nits can be cemented by female lice to the haircoat of domesticated animals. This calf’s tail contains thousands of nits. B, Pediculosis can be defined as infestation by either chewing or sucking lice, in this case, Haematopinus suis infestation in a pig. C, Appearance of operculated nits viewed by compound microscope. (From Hendrix CM, Robinson E: Diagnostic parasitology for veterinary technicians, ed 3, St Louis, 2006, Mosby.)

Endoparasites

Ascaris suum - roundworm Ascariasis LC: 8 weeks CS: unthriftiness, failure to gain weight, rough hair coat, pendulous abdomen, chronic paroxysmal coughing and occasionally, abdominal expiratory dyspnea (“thumping”). Dx: fecal flotation, worms – intestines, milk spots - liver Tx: Ivermectin, fenbendazole, dichlorvos, doramectin, hygromycin, levamisole, piperazine ZOONOTIC: ingestion of eggs Picture Credit: http://caltest.vet.upenn.edu/merial/swine/swine_6.htm (original image no longer available) Image: Ascaris suum in small intestine of pig.

Figure 6-48 Characteristic ovum of Ascaris suum, the swine ascarid or the large intestinal roundworm of pigs. The eggs are oval and golden brown, with a thick, albuminous shell bearing prominent projections. They measure 70 to 89 µm by 37 to 40 µm. (From Hendrix CM, Robinson E: Diagnostic parasitology for veterinary technicians, ed 3, St Louis, 2006, Mosby.)

Trichuris suis - whipworm PPP: 6 weeks CS: diarrhea, unthriftiness Dx: fecal flotation, adults - LI Tx: Ivermectin, dichlorvos, hygromycin, levamisole, fenbendazole

Strongyloides ransomi - threadworm PPP: 7 days CS: severe diarrhea: 10 – 14 days with high mortality Dx: fecal flotation Tx: Ivermectin, dichlorvos, hygromycin, fenbendazole

Eimeria spp. - coccidia PPP: 14 days CS: piglets: enterocolitis Dx: fecal flotation Tx: piglets – sulfamethazine; sows - decoquinate

Isospora suis - coccidia PPP: 14 days CS: piglets: 6 – 21 days, stunted, mortality Dx: fecal flotation Tx: piglets – sulfamethazine; sows - decoquinate

Figure 6-52 Oocyst of Isospora suis. (From Hendrix CM, Robinson E: Diagnostic parasitology for veterinary technicians, ed 3, St Louis, 2006, Mosby.)

Metastrongylus spp. – Lung worm PPP: 1 month CS: coughing, poor growth Dx: fecal flotation; Adults - LI Tx: Ivermectin, doramectin, fenbendazole, levamisole

Lung of pig showing lesions caused by lungworm (Metastrongylus).

Oesophagostomum dentatum – nodular worm PPP: 40 days CS: asymptomatic, nodules – gut: enteritis Dx: fecal flotation; Adults – LI Condemnation intestine Tx: Ivermectin, doramectin, fenbendazole, levamisole, pyrantel tartrate, hygromycin, dichlorvos

Ascarops strongylina – stomach worm PPP: 6 weeks Dung beetle: intermediate host CS: nonpathogenic Dx: fecal sedimentation; Adults – stomach Tx: Ivermectin, doramectin, dichlorvos Ascarops strongylina, egg. Courtesy of Dr. Dietrich Barth, Merial

Stephanurus dentatus – kidney worm PPP: 8 – 16 months CS: loss of weight, condemnation organs – migrating larvae Dx: eggs – urine sedimentation; adults – cysts perirenal fat and pelvis of kidney; larvae - liver Tx: Ivermectin, doramectin

Figure 6-53 Egg of Stephanurus dentatus, the swine kidney worm Figure 6-53 Egg of Stephanurus dentatus, the swine kidney worm. These eggs are strongyle type; that is, they are oval, thin-shelled eggs containing 4 to 16 cells and measuring 90 to 120 µm by 43 to 70 µm. Eggs can be recovered from the urine by urine sedimentation. (From Hendrix CM, Robinson E: Diagnostic parasitology for veterinary technicians, ed 3, St Louis, 2006, Mosby.)

Trichinella spiralis – Trichina worm LC: 4 days; 20 days for larvae to be infective Dx: necopsy Tx: none, don’t feed uncooked garbage to pigs, cook all meat to recommended temperature and time ZOONOTIC: ingestion of raw meat

Taenia solium – Pork tapeworm Taeniasis, cysticercosis LC: 2 months, swine intermediate host Dx: necopsy – cysterci; serologic test – humans/ pigs; eggs feces - humans Tx: none, don’t feed human feces, cook all meat to recommended temperature and time ZOONOTIC: ingestion of raw meat Taenia solium cysticerci in the masseter muscle of an adult pig. (Photo courtesy of Dr. A. Lee Willingham III, WHO/FAO Collaborating Center for Parasitic Zoonoses, Denmark

Balantidium coli Protozoa LC: 6 – 14 days CS: mild – severe enteritis Dx: necopsy - LI ; fecal flotation Tx: Tetracycline, metronidazole ZOONOTIC

Figure 6-51 A, Balantidium coli of swine in histopathologic section Figure 6-51 A, Balantidium coli of swine in histopathologic section. This photomicrograph was taken at low magnification. Note that B. coli is quite large and easily visible (arrows). B, B. coli of swine in histopathologic section. This photomicrograph was taken at higher magnification than A. (From Hendrix CM, Robinson E: Diagnostic parasitology for veterinary technicians, ed 3, St Louis, 2006, Mosby.)

Figure 6-50 Trophozoite stage of Balantidium coli, the “ciliated protozoan” found in the large intestine of swine. The trophozoites may be 150 by 120 µm, with a sausage- to kidney-shaped macronucleus. They are covered with numerous rows of cilia and move about the microscopic field with lively motility. The cyst is spherical to ovoid and 40 to 60 µm in diameter, with a slight greenish-yellow color. (From Hendrix CM, Robinson E: Diagnostic parasitology for veterinary technicians, ed 3, St Louis, 2006, Mosby.)

Treatments

References K Holtgrew-Bohling , Large Animal Clinical Procedures for Veterinary Technicians, 2nd Edition, Mosby, 2012, ISBN: 97803223077323 Laboratory procedures for Veterinary Technicians, 5th edition, 2007, Hendrix C.M; Sirois M. http://vetmed.iastate.edu/vdpam/new-vdpam-employees/food-supply-veterinary-medicine/swine/swine-diseases http://www.flockandherd.net.au/other/reader/sarcoptes%20pigs.html http://www.ent.iastate.edu/imagegallery/ http://nematode.net/NN3_frontpage.cgi?navbar_selection=speciestable&subnav_selection=Ascaris_suum

References http://www.ecvpath.org/october-2008/ http://cal.vet.upenn.edu/projects/dxendopar/parasitepages/hooklungstrongyloides/s_ransomi.html http://parasitology.cvm.ncsu.edu/quiz/swine/exam2/swinequizEA.php http://uk.merial.com/producers/swine/woe/woe_04.asp http://vetpda.ucdavis.edu/parasitolog/Parasite.cfm?ID=94 http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/index.jsp?cfile=htm/bc/22605.htm http://www.wormbook.org/chapters/www_genomesTrichinella/genomesTrichinella.html http://www.cesa.life.ku.dk/Cysticercosis.aspx