PowerPoint ® Lecture Slide Presentation by Patty Bostwick-Taylor, Florence-Darlington Technical College Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings PART A 13 The Respiratory System

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Organs of the Respiratory System  Nose  Pharynx  Larynx  Trachea  Bronchi  Lungs—alveoli

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Organs of the Respiratory System Figure 13.1

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Functions of the Respiratory System  Gas exchanges between the blood and external environment  Occurs in the alveoli of the lungs  Passageways to the lungs purify, humidify, and warm the incoming air  Influences sound production and speech  Specialized epithelium makes the sense of smell possible  Helps to regulate ph in the body

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Structural Plan Upper Tract  Nose  Nasopharynx  Oropharynx  Laryngopharynx Lower Tract  Trachea  Brachial Tree  Lungs  Alveoli Accessory Structures: Oral Cavity Rib Cage Diaphram

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Nose  Only externally visible part of the respiratory system  External portion is cartilage covered by skin and sebaceous glands  Internal nose or nasal cavity lies over roof of mouth  Olfactory receptors for smell are located in the mucosa in superior part of cavity  Rest of mucosa lining the nasal cavity is respiratory mucosa  Has superficial blood vessels making nosebleeds common

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Nose  Cilia moves mucus posteriorly towards the throat where it is swallowed and digested  Effect of cold air and smoking on cilia  Air enters the nose through the external nostrils  Anterior nares  Vestibule located just inside nasal cavity  Vibrissae, course hair, are found just inside nose

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Upper Respiratory Tract Figure 13.2

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Anatomy of the Nasal Cavity  Lateral walls have projections called conchae  Increase surface area  Increase air turbulence within the nasal cavity  Superior, middle, and inferior choncha  Interior of the nose consists of a nasal cavity divided by a nasal septum  Can be deviated  Rich supply of blood  Nosebleeds common- called epistaxis

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Anatomy of the Nasal Cavity  The nasal cavity is separated from the oral cavity by the palate  Anterior hard palate (bone)  Consists of the palatine bones  When bones fail to unite completely it is called a cleft palate  Posterior soft palate (muscle)

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Anatomy of the Nasal Cavity  Roof of nasal cavity separated from cranial cavity by part of ethmoid bone called cribiform plate  Has small holes to allow olfactory nerve (responsible for smell) to enter cranial cavity  Can lead to infectious material entering brain cavity

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Paranasal Sinuses  Cavities within bones surrounding the nasal cavity are called sinuses  Sinuses are located in the following bones  Frontal bone  Sphenoid bone  Ethmoid bone  Maxillary bone

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Upper Respiratory Tract—Paranasal Sinuses Figure 13.2

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Paranasal Sinuses  Function of the sinuses  Lighten the skull  Act as resonance chambers for speech  Produce mucus that drains into the nasal cavity

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Upper Respiratory Inflammation  Rhinitis- inflammation of nasal mucosa  Caused by cold viruses and allergies  Results in nasal congestion and postnasal drip  Since same mucosa, can spread to paranasal sinuses  Drippings may cause sore throat, stomach upset, coughing or sneezing  Treat with rest and use of antihistamines and decongestants

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Upper Respiratory Inflammation  Sinusitis-sinus inflammation  Nasal passages become blocked and mucus builds up in sinuses  Difficult to treat  Can result in a partial vacuum that causes a headache

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Pharynx (Throat)  Muscular passage from nasal cavity to larynx  Three regions of the pharynx  Nasopharynx—superior region behind nasal cavity  Oropharynx—middle region behind mouth  Laryngopharynx—inferior region attached to larynx  The oropharynx and laryngopharynx are common passageways for air and food

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Pharynx (Throat)  Pharynx affects speech and phonation  Only by pharynx changing shape can vowel sounds be formed  Continuous with the nasal cavity via the posterior nasal aperature

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Upper Respiratory Tract: Pharynx Figure 13.2

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Structures of the Pharynx  Pharyngotympanic tubes from the middle ear open into the nasopharynx  This is why otitis media, ear infection, may follow a sore throat  Tonsils of the pharynx  Pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids) are located in the nasopharynx  Palatine tonsils are located in the oropharynx  Used to be commonly removed  Lingual tonsils are found at the base of the tongue

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Structures of the Pharynx  Pharyngitis  Inflammation of the pharynx  Commonly called a sore throat  If caused by streptococcus bacteria it is called strep throat

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Upper Respiratory Tract: Pharynx Figure 13.2

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Larynx (Voice Box)  Routes air and food into proper channels  Plays a role in speech  Made of eight rigid hyaline cartilages and a spoon- shaped flap of elastic cartilage (epiglottis)

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Structures of the Larynx  Thyroid cartilage  Largest of the hyaline cartilages  Protrudes anteriorly (Adam’s apple)  Epiglottis  Protects the superior opening of the larynx  Routes food to the esophagus and air toward the trachea  When swallowing, the epiglottis rises and forms a lid over the opening of the larynx  Cough reflex is triggered to expel substances in larynx

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Structures of the Larynx  Vocal folds (true vocal cords)  Vibrate with expelled air to create sound (speech)  Pitch is caused diameter, length, and tension of vocal folds  Glottis—opening between vocal cords

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 26

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Structures of the Larynx  Laryngitis  Inflammation of the mucous lining of larynx  Causes edema or vocal cords and hoarseness  Caused by infections, inhalation of toxic fumes, vocal abuse, and alcohol inhalation  Can progress into croup which causes difficulty breathing

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Upper Respiratory Tract: Larynx Figure 13.2

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Trachea (Windpipe)  Four-inch-long tube that connects larynx with bronchi  Walls are reinforced with C-shaped hyaline cartilage  Anterior is closed and posterior is open  Lined with ciliated mucosa  Beat continuously in the opposite direction of incoming air  Expel mucus loaded with dust and other debris away from lungs to the throat so it can be swallowed or spat out

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Trachea (Windpipe)

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Trachea (Windpipe) Figure 13.3a

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Trachea (Windpipe) Figure 13.3b

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Tracheal Obstruction  Is life-threatening, can lead to death by asphyxiation  If they can cough or make sound, leave them alone  Heimlich maneuver used to dislodge items in airway  Sometimes emergency tracheostomy needs to be done  Tracheotomy is the name of the actual incision

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Main (Primary) Bronchi  Formed by division of the trachea  Enters the lung at the hilum (medial depression)  Right bronchus is wider, shorter, and straighter than left  Bronchi subdivide into smaller and smaller branches

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Main Bronchi Figure 13.1

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Main Bronchi Figure 13.4b

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Lungs  Occupy most of the thoracic cavity  Heart occupies central portion called mediastinum  Apex is near the clavicle (superior portion)  Base rests on the diaphragm (inferior portion)  Each lung is divided into lobes by fissures  Left lung—two lobes; horizontal fissure  Right lung—three lobes; horizontal and oblique fissure

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Lungs Figure 13.4a

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Lungs Figure 13.4b

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Coverings of the Lungs  Serosa covers the outer surface of the lungs  Pulmonary (visceral) pleura covers the lung surface  Parietal pleura lines the walls of the thoracic cavity  Pleural fluid fills the area between layers of pleura to allow gliding  These two pleural layers resist being pulled apart

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Covering of the Lungs  Pleurisy- inflammation of the pleura  Plural surfaces become dry and causes friction when breathing  Can also be caused when pleura produces an excessive amount of fluid which exerts pressure on the lungs

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Lungs Figure 13.4a

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Bronchial (Respiratory) Tree Divisions  All but the smallest of these passageways have reinforcing cartilage in their walls  Primary bronchi  Secondary bronchi  Tertiary bronchi  Bronchioles  Terminal bronchioles-lead to the respiratory zone where gas exchange takes place

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Bronchial (Respiratory) Tree Divisions Figure 13.5a

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Respiratory Zone  Structures  Respiratory bronchioles  Alveolar ducts-stem  Alveolar sacs-each cluster of grapes  Alveoli (air sacs)-each grape  Site of gas exchange = alveoli only

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Bronchial (Respiratory) Tree Divisions Figure 13.5a

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Bronchial (Respiratory) Tree Divisions Figure 13.5b

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Respiratory Membrane (Air-Blood Barrier)  Thin squamous epithelial layer lines alveolar walls  Alveolar pores connect neighboring air sacs  Pulmonary capillaries cover external surfaces of alveoli  On one side of the membrane is air and on the other side is blood flowing past

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Respiratory Membrane (Air-Blood Barrier) Figure 13.6 (1 of 2)

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Respiratory Membrane (Air-Blood Barrier) Figure 13.6 (2 of 2)

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Gas Exchange  Gas crosses the respiratory membrane by diffusion  Oxygen enters the blood  Carbon dioxide enters the alveoli  Alveolar macrophages (“dust cells”) add protection by picking up bacteria, carbon particles, and other debris  Surfactant (a lipid molecule) coats gas-exposed alveolar surfaces

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Four Events of Respiration  Pulmonary ventilation—moving air in and out of the lungs (commonly called breathing)  External respiration—gas exchange between pulmonary blood and alveoli  Oxygen is loaded into the blood  Carbon dioxide is unloaded from the blood

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings External Respiration Figure 13.6 (2 of 2)

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Four Events of Respiration  Respiratory gas transport—transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide via the bloodstream  Internal respiration—gas exchange between blood and tissue cells in systemic capillaries

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Mechanics of Breathing (Pulmonary Ventilation)  Completely mechanical process that depends on volume changes in the thoracic cavity  Volume changes lead to pressure changes, which lead to the flow of gases to equalize pressure

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Mechanics of Breathing (Pulmonary Ventilation)  Two phases  Inspiration = inhalation  flow of air into lungs  Expiration = exhalation  air leaving lungs

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Inspiration  Diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract  The size of the thoracic cavity increases  External air is pulled into the lungs due to  Increase in intrapulmonary volume  Decrease in gas pressure

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Inspiration Figure 13.7a

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Inspiration Figure 13.8

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Expiration  Largely a passive process which depends on natural lung elasticity  As muscles relax, air is pushed out of the lungs due to  Decrease in intrapulmonary volume  Increase in gas pressure  Forced expiration can occur mostly by contracting internal intercostal muscles to depress the rib cage

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Expiration Figure 13.7b

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Expiration Figure 13.8

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Pressure Differences in the Thoracic Cavity  Normal pressure within the pleural space is always negative- called intrapleural pressure  Differences in lung and pleural space pressures keep lungs from collapsing  When lung collapses it is called Atelectasis  It is reversed by drawing air out of the interpleural space with a chest tube

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Nonrespiratory Air (Gas) Movements  Can be caused by reflexes or voluntary actions  Examples:  Cough and sneeze—clears lungs of debris  Crying—emotionally induced mechanism  Laughing—similar to crying  Hiccup—sudden inspirations  Yawn—very deep inspiration

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Nonrespiratory Air (Gas) Movements Table 13.1

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Respiratory Volumes and Capacities  Normal breathing moves about 500 mL of air with each breath  This respiratory volume is tidal volume (TV)  Many factors that affect respiratory capacity  A person’s size  Sex  Age  Physical condition

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Respiratory Volumes and Capacities  Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)  Amount of air that can be taken in forcibly over the tidal volume  Usually between 2100 and 3200 mL  Also called forced vital capacity  Amount of air moved forcibly on one breath  Lung size is relative to body size

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Respiratory Volumes and Capacities  Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)  Amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled  Approximately 1200 mL  Also called forced expired volume  Residual volume  Air remaining in lung after expiration  About 1200 ml  Increases with age due to less elasticity of lung

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Respiratory Volumes and Capacities  Vital capacity  The total amount of exchangeable air  Vital capacity = TV + IRV + ERV  Dead space volume  Air that remains in conducting zone and never reaches alveoli  About 150 mL

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Respiratory Volumes and Capacities  Functional volume  Air that actually reaches the respiratory zone  Usually about 350 mL  Respiratory capacities are measured with a spirometer

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Respiratory Volumes Figure 13.9