Job Satisfaction Questionnaire Results Fall 09 Previous Brayfield-Rothe Job Sat. Quest n/a How Satisfied…. Recognition 11.3 n/a Compensation 9.8 n/a Supervision 10.5 n/a Total 31.6 n/a

Common Ethical Dilemmas Honesty in advertising and in communications with superiors, clients, and government.Honesty in advertising and in communications with superiors, clients, and government. Problems relating to special gifts, entertainment, and kickbacks.Problems relating to special gifts, entertainment, and kickbacks. Overlooking wrong doings of othersOverlooking wrong doings of others

Ethical Problems Survey % of 4000 employees who observed various ethical problems in the past year: Lying to Supervisors - 56 Falsifying reports/records - 41 Theft - 35 Sexual Harassment - 35 Drug or alcohol abuse - 31 Conflict of Interest - 31

Factors Affecting Ethical Choices The IndividualThe Individual –Learned Ethics –Level or stage of moral development The OrganizationThe Organization –Rules, Policies –Culture

Moral Development Preconventional Level: concerned with external rewards and punishmentsPreconventional Level: concerned with external rewards and punishments Conventional Level: conform to the expectations of peers and societyConventional Level: conform to the expectations of peers and society Postconventional (Principled) Level: individuals develop a personal, internal set of standards and values. (About 20% of adults)Postconventional (Principled) Level: individuals develop a personal, internal set of standards and values. (About 20% of adults)

Guidelines for Ethical Dilemmas Is it legal?Is it legal? Is it right?Is it right? Is it beneficial? To whom? How much?Is it beneficial? To whom? How much? Is it harmful? To whom? How much?Is it harmful? To whom? How much? Would you be willing to allow everyone to do what you are considering?Would you be willing to allow everyone to do what you are considering? Would you like your family to know?Would you like your family to know? Would you like your decision printed in the newspaper?Would you like your decision printed in the newspaper? Have you consulted others who are objective and knowledgeable?Have you consulted others who are objective and knowledgeable?

Recent Study of Stress: 70% of workers said job stress caused frequent health problems70% of workers said job stress caused frequent health problems 34% considered quitting because of stress during previous year34% considered quitting because of stress during previous year 14% quit due to stress during previous two years14% quit due to stress during previous two years

Effects of Stress PsychologicalPsychological –moodiness, depression, emotional fatigue PhysiologicalPhysiological –cardiovascular diseases –ulcers, sexual dysfunction, headaches BehavioralBehavioral –poor performance, accidents –absenteeism –workplace aggression

Yerkes-Dodson Law

Complex vs. Simple Task (Difficult vs. Easy Task/Poorly Learned vs. Well Learned Task)

Sources of Stress ExperienceExperience –Job Conditions –Job Events –Life Events –Life Conditions Personal CharacteristicsPersonal Characteristics –Personality –Coping Behaviors (These and other factors influence how people much stress people feel.)

Sources of Stress Job ConditionsJob Conditions –Intrinsic to the Job –Being in the Organization –Roles in the Organization Role AmbiguityRole Ambiguity Role ConflictRole Conflict –Career Development –Social Relations within the Organization –Organization interface with the outside

Sources of Stress Job Events & Life EventsJob Events & Life Events –Even “good” things can be stressful, because change is generally stressful.

Workplace Violence 2 million people experience some form of violence at work each year2 million people experience some form of violence at work each year Most common cause of work-related death for women; second most common for menMost common cause of work-related death for women; second most common for men Severe distress after experiencing or observing violenceSevere distress after experiencing or observing violence

Sources of Stress Life ConditionsLife Conditions –Urban “Stress Test” Measures: Population Change, Crowding, Education, Violent Crime, Unemployment, Per Capita Income, Birth Rate, Air Quality, Hazardous Wastes, Water Supply & Quality, Wastewater TreatmentMeasures: Population Change, Crowding, Education, Violent Crime, Unemployment, Per Capita Income, Birth Rate, Air Quality, Hazardous Wastes, Water Supply & Quality, Wastewater Treatment Does not include: Climate, Cultural Offerings, NFL FootballDoes not include: Climate, Cultural Offerings, NFL Football

Sources of Stress PersonalityPersonality –Type A Behaviors Highly CompetitiveHighly Competitive ImpatientImpatient High Job InvolvementHigh Job Involvement

Behavior Activity Profile CLASS MEANPREVIOUS 85 (rounded) 85 (rounded)Interpretation Below 50 = Hard-Core Type B = Moderate Type B = Low Type B = Type X = Low Type A = Moderate Type A 122+ = Hard-Core Type A

Determinants of Type A Personality Sensitive Nervous SystemSensitive Nervous System Demanding Parents (love contingent upon achievement)Demanding Parents (love contingent upon achievement)

Coping with Stress Primary PreventionPrimary Prevention –Change how you do things to remove stressors from your life Secondary PreventionSecondary Prevention –Prepare yourself to withstand stressors TreatmentTreatment –Treat the stress effects you already have Primary PreventionPrimary Prevention –Time management, skill enhancement, delegation, job redesign Secondary PreventionSecondary Prevention –Exercise, diet, recreation, sleep, relaxation, meditation TreatmentTreatment –Professional help, social support