Vocab- Palestine Zionists Two State Solution PLO (Palestinian Liberation Organization)

Roman Defeat of Jewish State Detail of Rome’s Arch of Titus (completed in 85 AD) commemorating Roman destruction of the Temple in 70 AD Ultimately led to the exile of the Jews until the rebirth of the Modern state in 1948 This does not mean Jews haven’t lived in Israel continuously since the exile in 70AD Jews “prefer being prisoners in Jerusalem to enjoy the freedom they could acquire elsewhere…. The love of the Jews for the Holy Land which they lost…is unbelievable.” Jesuit Father Michael Naud on his pilgrimage to the Holy Land, 1674

All that remained after the Roman defeat, was the western wall of the Temple

The Birth of Modern Zionism–1897 Zionism is the national liberation movement of the Jewish people who sought to restore their independence in their ancestral homeland. The dream of restoration and return had been at the core of Judaism and Jewish identity for 2,000 years. Zionists integrated this historic dream with modern political ideals.

Germany, Ottoman Empire and Austria-Hungary VS Russia, France, GB, Italy and eventually USA

Good Guys win, now what to do with the conquered land?

Formation of the Modern Middle East The Middle East After 1919

The Middle East in WWI: The Ottoman Empire  Ottomans fought on the side of Germany and Austria Hungary  Challenge British control of the Suez canal & their colonies  Regain territory lost to Nationalist groups in the Balkans

Ottoman Empire  Outgunned  Undermanned  Industry couldn’t keep up  Eventually defeated by British invasions into modern day Iraq and Russia from the north

British Wheelings And Dealings Muslims:  Promise disgruntled regions full independence if they help Allied Powers in WWI. Lawrence of Arabia

Hussein-McMahon Letters, 1916 The Arab inhabitants of the area were already looking toward a large revolt against the Ottoman Empire. The British encouraged the Arabs to revolt and thus hamper the Ottoman Empire, which had become a German ally in the War after November Britain is prepared to recognize and uphold the independence of the Arabs in all regions lying within the frontiers proposed by the Sharif of Mecca.... (If the Arabs helped the alliance against the Ottoman Empire, then the Alliance would support the Arabs to self govern) Sharif Hussein of Mecca

Wheeling and Dealing continue The Sykes–Picot Agreement of 1916, officially known as the "Asia Minor Agreement", was a secret agreement between the governments of the United Kingdom and France, with the assent of Russia. It defined their respective spheres of influence and control in Western Asia after the expected downfall of the Ottoman Empire during World War I. It effectively divided the Arab provinces of the Ottoman Empire outside the Arabian peninsula into areas of future British and French control or influence. This conflicted with the promise of self rule negotiated with the Hussein-McMahon letters of 1916.

Sykes-Picot - defined  France was to exercise direct control over the coastal strip of Syria, Lebanon, and the greater part of Galilee, up to the line stretching from north of Acre to the northwest corner of Lake Kinneret -referred to as the "blue zone."

Sykes-Picot - defined  East of that zone, in the Syrian hinterland, an Arab state was to be created under French protection (Area "A").

Sykes-Picot - defined  Britain was to exercise control over southern Mesopotamia (the "red zone"), the territory around the Acre-Haifa bay in the Mediterranean, with rights to build a railway from there to Baghdad.

Sykes-Picot - defined  The territory east of the Jordan River and the Negev, south of the line stretching from Gaza to the Dead Sea, was allocated to an Arab state under British protection (Area "B").

Sykes-Picot - defined  South of France's "blue zone," in the area covering the Sanjak of Jerusalem, and extending southwards toward the line running approximately from Gaza to the Dead Sea, was to be a "brown zone" under international administration.

Sykes-Picot secret Agreement

British Wheeling and Dealing con’t Jews- Balfour Declaration: 1917 His Majesty’s Government views with favor the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people and will use their best endeavors to facilitate the achievement of this object, it being clearly understood that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine… Sir Arthur James Balfour, Br. Foreign Sec.

Ottoman Empire-Collapse  Great Britain, and other Arabs eventually defeat the Ottomans  Empire is dissolved by British at end of war  Ottoman Empire NOT mentioned in Versailles Treaty (ending WWI) but Great Britain gets jurisdiction over former Ottoman territory.  Lands are partitioned (divided)  Nationalist Groups want independence (those that were friendly to England were put in charge)  Turkey gains independence (former Ottoman Empire reduced to 1 independent country)

War Ends- Arab world expects deals to be honored King Faisal of Syria 1917 – Bolshevik revo occurs, they (Russia) leak the Sykes-Picot agreement, Arab mistrust begins The King of Syria, was the title briefly used following the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire in the aftermath of World War I. King Faisal proclaimed the seat for himself, but it was not recognized by either France or GB (Skyes-Picot) France sends in troops to get him out, and he is expelled On 10 August, the Treaty of Sèvres divided the region into League of Nations mandates governed by France and the United Kingdom. The British government decided to step back from direct administration and create a monarchy to head Iraq while they maintained the mandate. Faisal agreed to become King following a referendum showing 96% in favor, and on 23 August 1921, Faisal was crowned King of Iraq.

Faisal-Weizmann Agreement  On 4 January 1919, Faisal and Dr. Chaim Weizmann, President of the World Zionist Organization signed the Faisal–Weizmann Agreement for Arab-Jewish cooperation, in which Faisal conditionally accepted the Balfour Declaration based on the fulfillment of British wartime promises of development of a Jewish homeland in Palestine and on which subject he made the following statement:  (See quote)

King Faisal (background info only)  Faisal fostered unity between Sunni and Shiite to foster common loyalty and promote pan-Arabism in the goal of creating an Arab state that would include Iraq, Syria and the rest of the Fertile Crescent.  While in power, Faisal tried to diversify his administration by including different ethnic and religious groups in offices.  He faced great challenges in achieving this because the region was under European, specifically French and British, control and other Arab leaders of the time were hostile to his ideas as they pursued their own political aspirations for power.  In addition, Faisal’s attempt at pan-Arab nationalism inevitably isolated certain religious groups.

Treaty of Versailles  Allied Powers “Win”  Central Powers (Germany, Ottoman Empire, Italy) lose colonies, see territories broken up  League of Nations –Mandate System (next slide)

Mandate System UK- Mandates of:  UK, France administer regions until they’re “Ready” for independence  Mesopotamia (Iraq) –Install puppet king (Faisal) –Establish 75-year-long oil concession  Transjordan (Israel, Jordan, Palestine) –Don’t give full independence –Support more power, land for Jewish repatriation in region

British Mandate for Palestine  The league of Nations formalised British rule over Palestine in 1922

Allies attempt to maintain control over Turkey following WWI conquest of Ottoman Empire, but Mustafa Kemal lead successful fight for independence, establishing modern Turkey. This derails Allied plans to settle the Kurds and Assyrians inside modern Turkey borders, forcing them into Northern Iraq instead, a cause of ongoing conflict with the majority Arab population. Mustafa Kemal Turkey – becomes independent

New Middle East  Syria became a French protectorate thinly disguised as a League of Nations Mandate.  The Christian coastal areas were split off to become Lebanon, another French protectorate.  Iraq and Palestine became British mandated territories. Iraq became the "Kingdom of Iraq" and one of Sharif Hussein's sons, Faisal, was installed as the King of Iraq.  Iraq incorporated large populations of Kurds and Assyrians, many of whom had been promised independent states of their own.

New Middle East Con’t  Palestine became the "British Mandate of Palestine" and was split in half. –The eastern half of Palestine became the "Emirate of Transjordan" to provide a throne for another of Hussein's sons, Abdullah. – The western half of Palestine was placed under direct British administration.  The already substantial Jewish population was allowed to increase. Initially this increase was allowed under British protection (Belfour)  Most of the Arabian peninsula fell to another British ally, Ibn Saud. Saud created the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in The Pahlavi Family: put on the throne of Persia. (In 1935, Reza Shah Pahlavi instructed foreign embassies to call Persia by its ancient Persian name, Iran) Abdullah Ibn Saud

Arab leaders “placed” by European’s

 In 1921 he headed a British orchestrated coup and occupied Tehran (over-throw existing Arab leaders occupying the land)  He negotiated the evacuation of the British forces stationed in Iran since World War I in 1924 and declared himself SHAH in1925.  created the Pahlavi Dynasty.  ruled from  forced to abdicate his throne by the Allied armies in  In 1921 he headed a British orchestrated coup and occupied Tehran (over-throw existing Arab leaders occupying the land)  He negotiated the evacuation of the British forces stationed in Iran since World War I in 1924 and declared himself SHAH in1925.  created the Pahlavi Dynasty.  ruled from  forced to abdicate his throne by the Allied armies in Rezah Khan ( )

 Secularization  seizure of religious lands.  Adoption of the French civil code.  Built the Trans-Iranian Railroad.  Improved education.  Secularization  seizure of religious lands.  Adoption of the French civil code.  Built the Trans-Iranian Railroad.  Improved education. Reforms in Iran

Problems with the division of the Middle East  Many Nationalist groups not granted independence  Boundaries are drawn indiscriminately *No attention paid to tribal lands* Result: Arabs are distrustful of European powers especially the British

Oil and the Middle East First discovered on Masjid-I Suleiman in Persia (Iran) in Turkish-Petroleum Co. [TPC] founded in drill for oil in Mosul, Mesopotamia (modern day Iraq). Britain signed a secret agreement with the sheikh of Kuwait who, while outwardly pledging allegiance to the Ottoman Sultan in Istanbul, promised exclusive oil rights to the British. Kuwait became a British protectorate in November, In 1927, oil was struck in Kirkuk, Iraq, and the Iraq Petroleum Co. [IPC] was created.

Oil and the Middle East American oil companies [Texaco & Chevron], gain oil concessions in Bahrain in In 1933, American oil companies win an oil concession in Saudi Arabia. ARAMCO [Arab-American Oil Co,] is created in 1939.

The Middle East between the Wars

Middle East during WW2  Germans wanted North African Colonies, and the Suez Canal in order to gain access to Arabian oil fields.  Germans offered full independence to Middle East and African states if they supported Axis cause –Some political and religious leaders supported Germans in order to attain independence from British, French

Arab ties to Germany Hitler was celebrated in large parts of the Arab world, and some newspapers even likened him to the Prophet. Many Arabs thought the Germans would free them from the rule of the old colonial powers France and Britain. After France's defeat to Nazi Germany in 1940, some Arabs were chanting against the French and British around the streets of Damascus: "No more Monsieur, no more Mister, Allah's in Heaven and Hitler's on earth." Amin al-Husseini Grand Mufti of Jerusalem. Collaborated with Adolf Hitler to prevent Zionism

Middle East Post WW2  The state of Israel is formed by a UN Resolution in (impact of Holocaust) -large Jewish populations of Europe leave to go back to their homeland. Land occupied by Palestinian and Jewish citizens in the state of Palestine Land identified to be occupied by Palestinian and Jewish citizens in a newly formed Jewish State (Israel)

Arab Israeli war in 1948  The 1948 Arab–Israeli War was fought between the State of Israel and a military coalition of Arab states and Palestinian Arab forces.  The war was preceded by a period of civil war between Jewish forces and Palestinian Arab forces in response to the UN Partition Plan.  An alliance of Arab states intervened on the Palestinian side, turning the civil war into a war between sovereign states. (Egypt, Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, Syria, Jordan,Lebanon, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Army of the Holy War (Palestinians), Muslim Brotherhood  As a result of the war, the State of Israel kept nearly all the area that had been recommended by the UN Resolution and took control of almost 60% of the area allocated to the proposed Arab  Transjordan took control of the remainder of the West Bank and East-Jerusalem, putting it under military rule, and the Egyptian military took control of the Gaza Strip.  No Arab Palestinian state was created. Armistice agreements were signed between all participants except Iraqis and Palestinians.  Important demographic changes occurred in the country. Between 600,000 and 760,000 Palestinian Arabs fled or were expelled from the area that became Israel and they became Palestinian refugees.  The war and the creation of Israel also triggered the Jewish exodus from Arab lands. In the three years following the war, about 700,000 Jews immigrated to Israel, residing mainly along the borders of the State.

Jewish exodus from Arab lands Syria, 20,000 (200) Iraq 150K (100)

60% of Palestinian land lost after 1947 attack by Arab countries

(WAR)

Arab Reaction & the Cold War  US and Western powers support Israel  USSR tries to influence Arab countries  Several Regional conflicts break out: Arab Israel War of Six day war War of Attrition 1981 attacked Iraq 1982 Lebanon Israel holds its independence to this day (extreme Anti-Israeli stance in many Middle East countries)

Suez Canal Crisis of 1956 The attack followed the President of Egypt Gamal Abdel Nasser's decision of 26 July 1956 to nationalize the Suez Canal, after the withdrawal of an offer by Britain and the United States to fund the building of the Aswan Dam, which was in response to Egypt's new ties with the Soviet Union. The aims of the attack were primarily to regain Western control of the canal and to remove Nasser from power.Gamal Abdel Nasser Israel fulfilled some of its objectives, such as attaining freedom of navigation through the Straits of Tiran.

6-Day War June 1967 The war began on June 5 with Israel launching surprise bombing raids against Egyptian air-fields after a period of high tension that included an Israeli raid into the Jordanian-controlled West Bank, culminating in Egypt blocking the Straits of Tiran. and ordering of the evacuation from the Sinai Peninsula of the U.N. buffer force. Within six days, Israel had won a decisive land war. Israeli forces had taken control of the Gaza Strip and the Sinai Peninsula from Egypt, the West Bank and East Jerusalem from Jordan, and the Golan Heights from Syria.

Elsewhere Iran:  1950s saw US-backed installation of a Shah  1970s: Shah forced from throne again by Fundamentalist Clerics, led by Ayatollah Khomeini

Elsewhere Iraq:  1960s Baath party takes control of Iraq  Secular Government  Late 1970s: Saddam Hussein takes control

Elsewhere Afghanistan:  1970s- invaded by Soviet Union  US-backed muhajideen against Soviets  After Soviet Collapse, establishment of Taliban Government

Elsewhere Saudi Arabia:  people enjoy decent standards of living financial benefits from government  Little- to no social reforms –Women can’t drive –Limited ability to criticize govt

RESULTS:  US is last major super power left after 1991 with a great interest in the Middle East.  Anti-American, Anti- Western, and Anti- Israeli thought common in many countries and organizations.