The World Between the Wars

“The Great War” At the Paris Peace Conference, Woodrow Wilson wanted to help establish self- determination Meanwhile, France and Great Britain wanted Germany to pay dearly for their role in initiating WWI Ultimately the French and British wanted Germany to be crippled so they would never be a threat to international security again

Harsh Provisions for Germany Treaty of Versailles – Territorial Losses The country of Poland was created Land returned to France Germany loses its overseas colonies – Military Restrictions Army and navy limited – War Guilt Germany had to accept full guilt for the war Accepting the blame and paying reparations caused bitterness in Germany

Europe Gets a Face-Lift What new nations are created after WWI? 1. Finland 2. Estonia 3. Latvia 4. Lithuania 5. Poland 6.Austria 7.Hungary 8.Czechoslovakia 9.Yugoslavia

Collapse of Empires As a result of the war, the government collapsed in the Austro-Hungarian Empire Italy and Romania gained land while new countries like Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia emerged Most of the Arab lands in the Ottoman Empire went to the British and French Although they were supposed to be preparing for self-determination, they were really serving as colonies to already vast overseas empires What was left became the Turkey WWI directly caused the collapse of both the Austro-Hungarian Empire and the Ottoman Empire Austria-Hungary The Ottoman Empire

Countries Are Angry! To say Germany was upset with the Treaty of Versailles would be an understatement Italy had hoped to gain more land than it received Japan was angry because the Allies didn’t recognize its claims in China China was angry because Japan had been given control over former German possessions in China Russia was angry because it had lost a bunch of territory to new countries

Turkish Nationalism Kemal Ataturk – After WWI, he led a nationalist movement and overthrew the sultan – Ataturk leads Turkey through a series of reforms Islamic law is replaced by a new secular law code People were required to wear western dress State schools were set up and Arabic script was replaced with Latin Turkey industrialized and built roads, railroads, and factories Women were allowed to vote and work outside the home

Iranian Nationalism Reza Khan leads a revolution and overthrows the shah Follows Turkey’s example and tries to industrialize and modernize Muslims HATED him

Arab Nationalism During WWI Arabs fought alongside the Allies because they were promised independence However, the British took control of lands promised to the Arabs Gave rise to Pan-Arabism and a desire to be free from foreign rule

Zionism What is Zionism? This is review folks!

Chinese Nationalism Chinese civilization was in great disorder during and after WWI People fought for power after Sun Yat-sen stepped down The economy collapsed Foreign influence in China increases as they faced so much turmoil from within

Chinese Nationalism Chiang Kai-shek attempted to seize power The Koumintang, Chang’s Party, did very little to support poor class Most poor sided with Mao Zedong’s Communist Party Civil War resulted from clashes between Mao’s forces and Chang’s forces that lasted for 22 years

Women’s Suffrage Movement In the mid-1800s in western democracies, women had begun to demand greater rights Women’s Rights Movements fueled by the expanded role and power of women during WWI New Zealand first country to grant women’s suffrage in 1893 US grants women’s suffrage with the Nineteenth Amendment in 1920

Worldwide Depression WWI caused many economic problems 1. Returning soldiers needed jobs 2.Nations had huge war debts to repay 3.Weaknesses in the economies in the US and other nations led to Great Depression

Impact of the Depression American investors pulled their money out of Europe and placed high tariffs on imported goods Countries that traded or exported goods to the United States saw their economies collapse Unemployment soared People began to lose faith in Capitalism as new ideas like Communism emerged Strong leaders supported intense nationalism, militarism, and a return to authoritarian rule

The Rise of Fascism Widespread economic despair paved the way for the rise of dictators Use of violence and terror Blind loyalty to leader Rule by dictator Strict discipline State control of economy Extreme nationalism Censorship and governmental control of news Strong military fascism

The Rise of Fascism Fascism – The rule of a people by dictatorial government that is nationalistic and imperialistic – Anticommunist – Fascism emerged in Italy and Germany after World War I

The Rise of Fascism Benito Mussolini – Soldiers couldn’t find jobs, trade was slow, taxes were high, workers went on strike – Mussolini gathered together disgruntled workers and soldiers and formed the Fascist Party – In 1922, the Fascists used force and terror to gain control of Italy – Policies Ended free elections, free speech, and free press Killed or jailed enemies Goals of the state are paramount

The Rise of Fascism Germany – The kaiser stepped down after WWI – The new democratic government, the Weimar Republic was blamed for the horrible Treaty – Inflation caused major problems – All this trouble led to the Nazi rise in power – Adolf Hitler promised to provide jobs and rebuild German pride – In 1920, Hitler formed his National Socialist German Workers (Nazi) Party – In 1933, Hitler was appointed chancellor

The Rise of Fascism Adolf Hitler – Hitler’s Germany, called the Third Reich, was a totalitarian state – Built a one-party government that: Ended civil rights Silenced his enemies with force Put businesses under government control Employed many people in public works programs Improved standard of living Rebuilt the military

The Rise of Fascism Hitler used the Jews as a scapegoat for Germany’s problems Used propaganda to influence public opinion influence The Nuremburg Laws of 1935 took away the political rights and citizenship of German Jews Few were concerned with the racist policies because everything had improved dramatically in Germany

Totalitarianism in Nazi Germany PropagandaLack of Civil Liberties The government controlled all sources of information – newspapers, radio, movies, and books. Scholars taught Nazi ideas and children joined the Hitler Youth. Forbidden books were burned. Only the Nazi Party was allowed and rival political parties were outlawed. The Gestapo (secret police) arrested and executed people without trial. Anti-SemitismEconomic Controls Jews lost their property and citizenship. Their shops and synagogues were destroyed. They were forced to wear the yellow Star of David on their clothing. They were moved to ghettoes and concentration camp. Agricultural and industrial production was controlled. Labor Unions and strikes were outlawed. Germans were put to work building highways and weapons factories and drafted into the military

Japan: Militarism and Expansion Japan had moved toward greater democracy in the 1920s Militarism gained momentum as the global Great Depression took hold in Japan

Japanese Militarists in the 1930s Unhappiness over loss of traditions Loss of foreign markets due to G.D. Unemployment Poverty among peasants Feelings of nationalism Demand for expansion of Japanese empire Causes Rise of Militarists in Japan Effects 1931 attack on Chinese province of Manchuria Withdrawal from League of Nations Anti-western feelings End of many democratic freedoms Renewed practice of traditions Increased honor for emperor Renewed expansion and efforts to control China