Ecology I Population Dynamics Biodiversity Nancy Dow Jill Hansen Katie Sutherland Gulf Coast State CollegePanhandle Area Educational Consortium 5230 West Highway West Boulevard Panama City, Florida 32401Chipley, Florida Biology Partnership (A Teacher Quality Grant)

Pre-test Q and A Board New member to the 6 footer club!

Florida Next Generation Sunshine State Standards SC.912.L.17.5* Analyze how population size is determined by births, deaths, immigration, emigration, and limiting factors (biotic and abiotic) that determine carrying capacity. (HIGH) High Complexity High complexity benchmarks make heavy demands on student thinking. Students must engage in more abstract reasoning, planning, analysis, judgment, and creative thought. These benchmarks require students to think in an abstract and sophisticated way, often involving multiple steps. Skills related to high complexity benchmarks include the following. Construct models for research Generalize or draw conclusions Design an experiment Explain or solve a problem in more than one way Provide a justification for steps in a solution or process Analyze an experiment to identify a flaw and propose a method for correcting it Interpret, explain, or solve a problem involving complex spatial relationships Predict a long term effect, outcome, or result of a change within a system

BENCHMARK SC.912.L.17.5 Reporting Category Organisms, Populations, and Ecosystems Standard Standard 17 Interdependence Benchmark SC.912.L.17.5 Analyze how population size is determined by births, deaths, immigration, emigration, and limiting factors (biotic and abiotic) that determine carrying capacity. (Also assesses SC.912.L.17.2, SC.912.L.17.4, SC.912.L.17.8, and SC.912.N.1.4.) Benchmark Clarifications Students will use data and information about population dynamics, abiotic factors, and/or biotic factors to explain and/or analyze a change in carrying capacity and its effect on population size in an ecosystem. Students will assess the reliability of sources of information according to scientific standards.

Bell Ringer Great White Shark vs Orca

Changes in a population’s size are determined by immigration, births, emigration, and deaths. Four factors affecting size –immigration –births –emigration –deaths The size of a population is always changing

Population growth is based on available resources Exponential growth is a rapid population increase due to an abundance of resources.

Logistic growth is due to a population facing limited resources Logistic vs Exponential GrowthLogistic vs Exponential Growth Funny BunniesFunny Bunnies

Carrying capacity is the maximum number of individuals in a population that the environment can support.

Predator Prey Relationship The predators keep the prey population under control and the size of the population of prey limits the amount of predators an ecosystem can support.

Ecosystems Have Living and Nonliving Components Abiotic –Water –Air –Nutrients –Rocks –Heat –Solar energy –pH Biotic –Living (or once living) –Interactions Competition Predator – prey Symbiosis

Major Biotic and Abiotic Components of an Ecosystem

Ecological Relationships graphic organizer ConceptWhat I knowWhat I learn Predation Predator Prey Symbiosis Parasitism Commensalism

15 Predators –Use pursuit –Ambush –Camouflage –Chemical warfare (venom) Prey –Swift movement –Shell –Camouflage –Chemical to poison Predation

16 PREDATION

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Span worm Bombardier beetle Viceroy butterfly mimics monarch butterfly Foul-tasting monarch butterfly Poison dart frog When touched, the snake caterpillar changes shape to look like the head of a snake Some ways prey species avoid their prey Wandering leaf insect Hind wings of moth resemble eyes of a much larger animal

22 Giant swallowtail butterfly larva (Papilio cresphontes). Hawkmoth caterpillarHawkmoth caterpillar.

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Symbiosis Any interaction between two species –Parasitism –Commensalism –Mutualism

Live on or in another species Host is harmed –Ex. Tapeworms, ticks, fleas, mosquitoes, Candiru (vampire fish), Lamprey Parasitism

30 –Pollination mutualism (between flowering plants and animals) –Nutritional mutualism –Lichens grow on trees –Birds/rhinos- nutrition and protection –Clownfish/sea anemones –Inhabitant mutualism –Vast amount of organisms like bacteria in an animal’s digestive tract –Termites and bacteria in gut Mutualism (benefits both species)

31 –Helps one species but does nothing for the other Ex. Redwood sorrel grows in shade of redwood - Humans and Eyelash Mites Commensalism

Ecosystem Relationships Manipulative Cards In groups pair each picture with the correct interaction MutualismCommensalismParasitismPredation

Abiotic Factors Can Limit Population Growth Limiting factor principle Too much or too little of any abiotic factor can limit (or prevent) growth of a population, even if all other factors are at or near optimal range

Range of Tolerance for a Population of Organisms INSERT FIGURE 3-10 HERE

Ecological factors limit population growth A limiting factor is something that keeps the size of a population down. Density-dependent limiting factors are affected by the number of individuals in a given area.

–parasitism and disease Biotic Factors –predation –competition

Density-independent limiting factors limit a population’s growth regardless of the density Abiotic Factors –climate change –natural disasters –human activities –introduction of invasive species –habitat degradation –pollution Reduces Biodiversity!

Limiting Factor Lab THEN BREAK…..

Follow-up Q & A Additional activities –predator -prey computer simulationpredator -prey computer simulation – Human Population - 7 min videoHuman Population - 7 min video From 1 AD to future 2030 –Bacteria in a bottle interactive-exponential growthBacteria in a bottle interactive-exponential growth

SC.912.L.17.8* Recognize the consequences of the losses of biodiversity due to catastrophic events, climate changes, human activity, and the introduction of invasive, non-native species. (HIGH) Benchmark Clarifications Students will identify positive and/or negative consequences that result from a reduction in biodiversity. Florida Next Generation Sunshine State Standards

Content Limits Items referring to reduction in biodiversity may include examples of catastrophic events, climate changes, human activities, and the introduction of invasive and nonnative species, but they will not assess specific knowledge of these. Items referring to reduction in biodiversity will focus on the consequence and not require knowledge of the specific event that led to the reduction. Items addressing climate change are limited to biodiversity and population dynamics contexts. Stimulus Attributes None specified Response Attributes None specified

Bell Ringer Pet Pythons gone wild Pythons in the Everglades

Biodiversity of Earth Insects 751,000 Protists 57,700 Plants 248,400 Prokaryotes 4,800 Fungi 69,000 Other animals 281,000 Known species 1,412,000 (Estimates range between million)

Species Diversity: the variety of species in an area Two subcomponents: species richness species evenness

Species Richness vs. Evenness Species Richness: the number of a species Richness: measurement of then a given area Species Evenness: measurement of how evenly distributed organisms are among species Community A Community B species species species species species

Richness (number of species) Relative abundance How do we describe these differences? Comparison of Two Communities

Something’s Fishy Population study lab –Mark & Recapture

48 Loss of biodiversity caused by: Human-Caused Factors of Biodiversity Loss Habitat DestructionExotic Species

Natural Capital Degradation: Satellite Image of the Loss of Tropical Rain Forest June 1975May 2003

Biodiversity loss caused by: Human-Caused Factors of Biodiversity Loss PollutionOverhunting/Overharvesting

Invasive Species Lab Lion Fish Video

Changes in Biodiversity due to Climate Change Die-offs Extinctions Life Cycles Physiology Coral bleaching die-offs of up to 50% in the Indian Ocean Golden Toads, Harlequin Frogs,... Gothic, CO marmots emerge from hibernation about a month earlier than 30 years ago The average weight of adult female polar bears has decreased by more than 20% over the last 25 years Biomes Shift of Alpine biomes up mountains and further North/South Migration Multiple areas affected; fish and birds

Endangered and Threatened Species Are Ecological Smoke Alarms Endangered species –has so few individual survivors that the species could soon become extinct over all or most of it natural range –Examples: California condor and whooping crane Threatened species, vulnerable species still abundant but because declining numbers they are likely to become endangered Examples: Grizzly bear and the American Alligator

Figure 12-3a Page 226 Grizzly bear (threatened) Arabian oryx (Middle East) White top pitcher plant Kirtland's warbler African elephant (Africa) Mojave desert tortoise (threatened) Swallowtail butterfly Humpback chub Golden lion tamarin (Brazil) Siberian tiger (Siberia) Endangered /Threatened Natural Capital

Figure 12-3b Page 226 West Virginia spring salamander Giant panda (China) Knowlton cactus Mountain gorilla (Africa) Swamp pink Pine barrens tree frog (male) Hawksbill sea turtle El Segundo blue butterfly Whooping crane Blue whale Endangered Natural Capital

CharacteristicExamples Low reproductive rate (K-strategist) Specialized niche Narrow distribution Feeds at high trophic level Fixed migratory patterns Rare Commercially valuable Large territories Blue whale, giant panda, rhinoceros Blue whale, giant panda, Everglades kite Many island species, elephant seal, desert pupfish Bengal tiger, bald eagle, grizzly bear Blue whale, whooping crane, sea turtles Many island species, African violet, some orchids Snow leopard, tiger, elephant, rhinoceros, rare plants and birds California condor, grizzly bear, Florida panther Characteristics of organisms that are prone to ecological and biological extinction.

Investigating Endangered Species

Extinctions Are Natural but Sometimes They Increase Sharply Background extinction –Continuous low level of extinction of species Extinction rate is expressed as a % of number of species that can go extinct within a certain time period Mass extinction: –The extinction of many species in a relatively short period of geological time –Five mass extinction (50-95%) –Causes: global climate change, large scale catastrophe like asteroid hitting earth

There have been 5 mass extinction events during the history of the earth Extinction Are we on the verge of a 6th?

+ and – consequences of biodiversity loss Biodiversity contributes to many aspects of human well-being, for instance by providing raw materials and contributing to health. Biodiversity loss has-direct and indirect negative effects on several factors including food security, vulnerability, health as well as energy security and clean water.

All things come from earth, and to earth they all return. MENANDER (342 –290 B.C.)

Follow up Q & A Wanted Poster- Invasive Species Endangered Species Poster Post Test Give-a-ways See you on May 14 th ! –Ecology II: Aquatic Systems & Food Webs

Oh Deer Me!