Principles of Learning. “ Give me a dozen healthy infants, allow me to control the environment, and I can make them into anything I want.”

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Presentation transcript:

Principles of Learning

“ Give me a dozen healthy infants, allow me to control the environment, and I can make them into anything I want.”

 Infant with rumination d/o Treated with aversive shock therapy  Your Types of Learning Classical: unavoidable, physical association Operant: learning through actions Social: learn by watching others Cognitive: thought process

 First in learning, thus “classical” Involuntary Learning More physical in Nature  Ivan Pavlov, 1900 Researched digestive system Pavlov’s Dogs

Terminology Classical Conditioning: method of conditioning using associations between a natural stimulus and a learned, neutral stimulus Stimulus: anything that elicits a response (natural) Response: a reaction to the stimulus Dogs: Receive food (S)  Salivate (R)

Terminology UCS: Unconditioned Stimulus (automatically elicits a response) UCR: Unconditioned Response (a natural reaction to UCS)

Conditioned Stimulus: previously a neutral stimulus that has been associated with a natural stimulus *experimenter (CS) associated with food (UCS) Conditioned Response: a response to a stimulus that is brought about by learning *experimenter (CS)  salivation (CR)

 experiment experiment    

Behaviorists  John Watson – Emotional Conditioning Little Albert:  Loud noise (UCS)  Fear (UCR)  Rat (CS) + Noise (UCS)  Fear (UCR)  Rat (CS)  Fear (CR) Stimulus generalization: stimulus that seems the same (white rat, white bunny) Extinction: Loss of association over time

 Removal of Fear Mary Cover Jones: student who worked for Watson Associate pleasure with object of fear  Helps with phobias HIGHER-ORDER CONDITIONING: responding to a second stimuli

Operant Conditioning: Conditioning that results from one’s actions and the consequences they cause **Behavior learned or avoided as result of consequences*** Operant v. Classical: automatic responses v. voluntary ones

 B.F. Skinner Believed behavior result of consequences in our environment Skinner’s Box: Operant Conditioning Chamber  Studied Animal behavior

 Operant Conditioning Process: Learning from the consequences of his or her voluntary actions Reinforcement: Follows a response, increases chance to repeat behavior 1. Positive: Pleasant reinforcements  Primary: NEEDS - Necessary for psychological/physical survival  Secondary: WANTS – Comes to represent a primary reinforcer ($$$ = food, shelter, etc) 2. Negative: Something unpleasant is stopped or taken away

Punishment: weakening response, unpleasant consequences Generalization & Discrimination: behavior that spreads from one situation to a similar one Extinction: when behavior stops Shaping: Gradually refining response by successively reinforcing closer approximations of it Chaining: reinforcing each part of desired sequence

 Schedule of Reinforcement: methods of reinforcing Continuous vs. Partial Variable Ratio: unknown number of desired responses before reinforcement is given. (Casino) High/Steady rate of response

Fixed Ratio: One reinforcement for every time desired behavior is performed  High rate of response until enforcement is received Variable Interval: varying amounts of time pass between reinforcement and behavior (fishing)  Steady rate of response

 Fixed Interval: Reinforcement is received after a fixed amount of time  Produces an accelerated rate of response each time reinforcement approaches  Report Cards  Paycheck

 Albert Bandura Observational Learning, type of Social Learning  Learning that occurs in a social situation Bo-Bo Doll Grow up watching and imitating? What could the results be?  Cliques  Clubs  Families  Culture  Religion

Cognitive Learning: Learning based on mental processes and previous knowledge  E.C. Tolman  Cognitive Maps: mental image of where one is located in space  Strategies: Methods for solving problems  Schemas

 Trying to learn how to learn  Metacognition  Synopsis in your own words  Take breaks – brain works on problems while at rest

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