 Carbohydrates  Source of energy for all living things  Monomer: monosaccharide (one sugar)  Lipids  Long term energy storage  Proteins  Enzymes, cell structures, determine traits  Help form muscle, skin, hair & nails  Monomer: amino acid  Nucleic Acids  Genetic material: provides information to your cells  DNA & RNA  Monomer: Nucleotide

 Proteins are made from the info in DNA  Watch video:   Remember:  Protein chain is determined by the mRNA and the order and type of amino acids made (be able to use a codon chart and give A.A. from the mRNA strand)  Order and type of A.A. determine type and function of protein  Function of cell determines which part of DNA is used (diff. cells use diff. parts of your DNA); ALL cells in your body have the same DNA)

 Enzymes are proteins  They speed up chemical reactions by lowering the amount of energy needed (activation energy)  Enzymes are specific (Ex. Lactase ONLY breaks down the sugar in milk…lactose)  They can also be reused  Can be damaged by heat, pH, etc.  er/animations/Enzyme%20activity.html er/animations/Enzyme%20activity.html

 Pathway of making a protein  DNA (nucleus)  mRNA (nucleus)  tRNA attaches proper A.A. to codon (cytoplasm and ribosome)  Pathway of protein in a cell  Ribosomes eventually assemble protein  Ribo’s are made in the nucleolus  They leave the nucleus along the E.R.  Assemble protein in the cytoplasm  Protein is packaged, sorted and shipped out by the Golgi

 Know the function of:  Nucleus  Lysosome  Ribosome  Golgi apparatus  Endoplasmic reticulum  Cell membrane  Mitochondria  chloroplast

 Diffusion:  Movement of any particle from a high concentration to a low concentration  Osmosis:  Diffusion of water (look at the water content to determine which direction it is going to move  Hypo: water in; cell swells  Hyper: water out; cell shrinks  Iso: water in AND out; cells stays the same 

 BoUs BoUs  Remember  Most life depends on plants for food in the form of carbohydrates  The sugar made during photosynthesis is glucose, a monosaccharide

 ALL cells respirate…even bacteria!  What process does the oxygen you breathe come from?  CR is very important b/c each process makes 36 ATP’s which is the energy molecule needed to carry on our daily activities  XXQA XXQA

 Body cells (skin, liver, heart, etc.)  Makes 2 new cells from 1  Identical to the original  Gametes! Sex cells  Remember….sex is not a game!  Egg, sperm, pollen, etc.  4 new cells from 1 original  Genetically DIFFERENT from parent cell

 L6Y L6Y  Rnyo Rnyo