CHAPTER 8 The Peoples and Civilizations of the Americas World Civilizations: The Global Experience Fifth Edition Stearns/Adas/Schwartz/Gilbert Copyright 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Longman

Chapter 8: The Peoples and Civilizations of the Americas Stearns et al., World Civilizations: The Global Experience, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 I. Origins of American Societies II. Spread of Civilization in Mesoamerica III. The Peoples to the North IV. The Andean World

Chapter 8: The Peoples and Civilizations of the Americas Stearns et al., World Civilizations: The Global Experience, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 I. Origins of American Societies Theory of migration from Asia via land bridge c. 20,000 B.C.E B.C.E. Recent evidence, occupation from 40,000 B.C.E. Skeletons similar to Caucasians, Polynesians, Australasians A. The Ancient Hunters Early hunters Spread through Americas by 11,000 B.C.E. Small groups Little specialization B. The Question of Outside Contacts Similarities with Asian art Isolated development most likely Creates weaknesses at time of contact with Old World

Chapter 8: The Peoples and Civilizations of the Americas Stearns et al., World Civilizations: The Global Experience, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 I. Origins of American Societies C. The Archaic Cultures By 9000 B.C.E. Climate change Shift to hunting smaller animals, gathering Baskets, stone tools Plant cultivation From 7000 B.C.E. in Peru Widespread by 5000 B.C.E. Maize, manioc, potatoes Central Mexico By 4000 B.C.E. Maize, peppers, squash, beans Orinoco, Amazon river basins Manioc dominant Potatoes in highland areas Civilizations of Central and South America

Chapter 8: The Peoples and Civilizations of the Americas Stearns et al., World Civilizations: The Global Experience, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 I. Origins of American Societies D. Types of American Indian Societies Mesoamerica and the Peruvian orbit Intensive agriculture Intervening areas probably similar Hunters and gatherers Sedentary peoples Villages of 100 to 200 Gender division of labor E. Chiefdoms and States Hereditary chiefdoms Urban bases Social hierarchy e.g. Cahokia Up to 30,000 inhabitants Civilizations of Central and South America

Chapter 8: The Peoples and Civilizations of the Americas Stearns et al., World Civilizations: The Global Experience, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 II. Spread of Civilization in Mesoamerica Variety of climates Domestication of maize and other crops by 5000 Pottery by 2000 B.C.E. A. The Olmec Mystery Foundation for later civilizations From about 1200 B.C.E. San Lorenzo, La Venta State Maize cultivation, using irrigation Hereditary elite Urbanism Calendar, writing systems 365-day year Origins, end unknown Mesoamerican Settlements

Chapter 8: The Peoples and Civilizations of the Americas Stearns et al., World Civilizations: The Global Experience, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 II. Spread of Civilization in Mesoamerica B. The Classic Era of Mesoamerican Civilization C.E. Valley of Mexico - Teotihuacan City of up to 200,000 Religion central Intensive agriculture Abandoned by 8th century C.E. The Classic Maya Southern Mexico, Central America Dozens of city-states Tikal, Copán, Quiriga, Palenque 30,000 to 80,000 inhabitants Culture Monumental building Mathematical systems, calendar Written language Agriculture Irrigation Swamps drained Mesoamerican Settlements

Chapter 8: The Peoples and Civilizations of the Americas Stearns et al., World Civilizations: The Global Experience, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 II. Spread of Civilization in Mesoamerica B. The Classic Era of Mesoamerican Civilization The Classic Maya Religion, Writing, and Society 20-based system, used 0 Calendar 260-day sacred cycle 365-day solar cycle 52-year cycle Dating from 3114 B.C.E. Writing system Religion Dualistic Rulers Religious and secular authority Civil service elite Elite women could hold public positions Mesoamerican Settlements

Chapter 8: The Peoples and Civilizations of the Americas Stearns et al., World Civilizations: The Global Experience, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 II. Spread of Civilization in Mesoamerica C. Classic Collapse Decline between 700 and 900 C.E. Causes? Agricultural challenges Epidemic disease Peasant dissatisfaction Towns abandoned New groups emerge Toltecs, from 1000 C.E. Control of American Southwest, Yucatan Fall c C.E.

Chapter 8: The Peoples and Civilizations of the Americas Stearns et al., World Civilizations: The Global Experience, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 III. The Peoples to the North A. The Mound Builders Mississippi, Ohio valleys Agriculture by 2000 C.E. Hunting, agriculture by 700 C.E. Mounds Finds: pottery, pipes, jewelry Contacts as far as Michigan Possible spread to New York, Maryland Hopewell culture, C.E. More elaborate mounds Trade to Gulf, Rocky Mountains Spread through Mississippi, C.E. e.g. Cahoki

Chapter 8: The Peoples and Civilizations of the Americas Stearns et al., World Civilizations: The Global Experience, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 III. The Peoples to the North B. Desert Peoples American Southwest, by 300 B.C.E. Anasazi From 700 B.C.E. Villages Roads Trade with Mesoamerica Drought, pressure from nomads led to decline

Chapter 8: The Peoples and Civilizations of the Americas Stearns et al., World Civilizations: The Global Experience, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 IV. The Andean World Variety of ecosystems A. Early Developments and the Rise of Chavín Farming villages 3000 and 2000 B.C.E. Maize, potato Sophisticated poetry from 2700 B.C.E B.C.E. Ceremonial centers Llamas domesticated Irrigation used Chavín de Huantar Center of cultural diffusion Andean Societies

Chapter 8: The Peoples and Civilizations of the Americas Stearns et al., World Civilizations: The Global Experience, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 IV. The Andean World B. Regional Cultures and a New Horizon Chavín's cultural influence declines by 300 B.C.E. New centers emerge Nazca Known for weaving Mochica Builders Conquests extend territory By 4th century C.E., two states: Tihuanaco, Huari Decline by 9th century B.C.E. C. Andean Lifeways Kinship unit (ayllu) Recognize common ancestor Marriage within the kinship Common land, herds, water rights Could join with other kinships for warfare, etc. Bound together by reciprocal obligations Spiritual world similar Huari and Tiahuanaco