Diversity of Organisms and Classification

Classification of Organisms Kingdom Phylum / Division Class Order Family Genus Species

Species The smallest group of organisms classified which can interbreed with each other to produce fertile offspring Scientific name : unique to all the people e.g. scientific name of human: Homo sapien

Six Kingdom System Bacteria – 2 kingdoms Protists Fungi Animals Plants

Bacteria Unicellular, microscopic No nucleus Some have no chlorophyll Prokaryotic – simple cells / no nucleus Some have no chlorophyll Saprophytic or parasitic Saprophytic: feed on dead substances Parasitic: obtain nutrients from living organisms

Protists Unicellular; microscopic Nucleus present Eukaryotic – complex cells Autotrophic = makes its own food Heterotrophic = must go get its food

Fungi Eukaryotic Made up of hyphae No root, stem and leaf Mycelium: a mass of hyphae No root, stem and leaf No chlorophyll Saprophytic or parasitic Reproduce by forming spores

Animals – heterotrophic, multicellular and have to move to get their food Eukaryotic – complex cells with nucleus and organelles Divided into two groups according to the presence or absence of backbone: Invertebrates : without backbone Vertebrates : with backbone

Invertebrates

Invertebrates

Invertebrates

Vertebrates Divided into 5 groups: Fish Amphibians Reptiles Birds Mammals

Fish Aquatic – fresh and salt water Cold-blooded – 2 chambered heart Body covered with wet and slimy scales Streamline body for easy movement through water Fins for balance and to control movement Gills for breathing External fertilization

Amphibians Cold-blooded – 2 or 3 chambered heart Moist, scaleless skin Limbs present tetrapods Larvae (tadpoles) use gills for breathing; adults use lungs External fertilization

Reptiles Cold-blooded – 2 or 3 chambered heart Body covered with dry, hard scales Live on land Breathe with lungs Internal fertilization; lay shelled eggs

Birds Warm-blooded – 4 chambered heart Body covered with feathers 2 wings and 2 feet Beak for feeding Lungs for breathing Internal fertilization; lay shelled eggs

Mammals Warm-blooded – 4 chamber heart Hairs on skin Females have mammary glands for producing milk Lungs for breathing Internal fertilization; embryos develop inside mothers’ bodies Birth to offspring

Plants Eukaryotic Most plants contains photosynthetic pigments (e.g. chlorophyll) for photosynthesis Autotrophic: makes own food Can be divided into 2 groups: Non-flowering plants Flowering plants

Non-flowering plants 4 groups: Algae Mosses Ferns Gymnosperms

Algae Aquatic Simple multicellular plants No root, stem or leaf Contain photosynthetic pigments (e.g. chlorophyll) for photosynthesis

Mosses With simple leaves and stems No root No vascular tissues with rhizoids for anchorage and absorption of water No vascular tissues Reproduce by spores Found in damp area

Ferns With true roots, stems, leaves and vascular tissues Reproduce by spores Live in damp places

Gymnosperms Roots, stems and leaves Vascular tissue = xylem and phloem Reproduction by producing seeds Seeds develop in cones, not enclosed by fruits  naked seeds Needle-shaped leaves to reduce water loss

Angiosperms (Flowering plants) Roots, stems, leaves and vascular tissue With flowers for reproduction Seeds are produced inside the fruit (matured ovary)

Xylem and Phloem make up the vascular bundles. xylem - located on the innermost ring of the stem/root; it carries water and minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant. phloem - located on the outermost ring (of vascular tissue) in the stem/root; it carries dissolved proteins, amino acids, sugars and other complex compounds in any direction. Xylem and Phloem make up the vascular bundles.

Two groups of flowering plants … Monocotyledons Dicotyledons Cotyledons One Two Leaf venation Parallel Netted Root system Fibrous root system Tap root system