Mrs. Schultz
TThe study of matter is chemistry. osostructure ococomposition opoproperties ocochanges oeoenergy ococentral science because both living and nonliving matter consist of chemical structures.
1.volume is the amount of three dimensional space an object occupies. 2. Mass is a measure of the amount of matter in an object. matter is anything that has mass and takes up space
aatom: simplest particle of matter, which keeps identity of element. eelement: made of only one type of atom eex/ oxygen is considered an element because it is only composed of oxygen atoms.
compound: made of more than 1 type of atom linked together. ex/ water- made up of H and O molecule: smallest particle of a substance retaining the properties of the substance. ex/ 2 H atoms and 1 O atom are bonded together in water to form a unit.
1. Physical Property- can be observed without changing the identity of the substance. physical properties describe the substance itself examples: boiling point, melting point, density A change in a substance that does not involve a change in the identity of the substance is called a physical change. (ex/ tearing, grinding, cutting)
Chemical property: property of a substance related to a chemical change that the substance undergoes. ** CAN NOT BE OBSERVED WITHOUT CHANGING THE IDENTITY OF THE SUBSTANCE. (i.e. substance has to go through a chemical reaction) A change in which one or more substances are converted into different substances is called a chemical change or chemical reaction.
substances that react (enter) in a chemical change are called the reactants. substances that are formed by the chemical change are called the products. Mass, matter and energy are conserved in a chemical reaction
1. What is the reactant in the chemical reaction above? Ans. Copper(II) oxide 2. What are the products? Ans. Copper & oxygen
A change of state is a physical change of a substance from one state to another. Most matter is found in one of the following 3 states: 1. GAS: No fixed volume, no fixed shape, assumes shape of container, & particles weakly attracted to each other and move independently at high speed. 2. LIQUID: Definite volume, no shape of its own, assumes shape of container, & particles slip past each other. 3. SOLID: fixed volume, fixed shape (held tightly in a rigid structure), vibrate only slightly
4 th State: PLASMA is a high temperature physical state of matter in which atoms lose their electrons. ex/ found in a fluorescent bulb 5 th State: BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATES: matter has different properties at very low temperatures.
Directions: 1) Make a data table for observations that include a place to record before, during, and after the chemical reaction. 2) Put a piece of copper wire into empty test tube. 3) Put it in the test tube rack. 4) Add enough nitric acid (HNO 3 ) to cover the wire 5) Record observations on your data table. 6) After observing the reaction for 10 minutes, then put the waste in the correct beaker in the fume hood.
1. Describe any evidence of a chemical change. 2. What chemical property of copper is demonstrated? Given this reaction: Copper + nitric acid (dissolved in water) copper(II) nitrate + nitrogen dioxide + water 3. What are the reactants? 4. What are the products?
All matter can be classified into two groups: pure substances or mixtures.
A pure substance can be an element or compound. Its composition is the same throughout and does not vary from sample to sample. ex/ iron, carbon dioxide, sugar Mixture- a combination of 2 or more substances (each substance in mixture retains individual properties) ex/ air- mix of gases: O 2, CO 2, H 2 O, N 2, H 2
1.Heterogeneous mixture: (Greek heteros= different; genos= kind) not uniform in composition ex/ soil- clay, sand, silt, decayed material 2 Types of Heterogeneous Mixtures: A.Suspension- mixture containing relatively large particles; particles remain suspended for a while after stirring, but then settle out. ex/ Italian dressing
BB.Colloid- liquid mixture containing very small particles that do not settle out, even with time. eex/ milk- fat dispersed throughout ***To check for colloid use: TTyndall effect- visible path produced by a beam of light
2.Homogeneous Mixture: (Greek: homos= same) or also known as SOLUTIONS completely uniform in composition consists of a single phase (solid, liquid, or gas) ex/ tap water, energy drinks, brass key
Periodic Table: table in which elements, arranged in order of atomic number, are placed so that those with similar properties are near each other. Period: horizontal rows of elements in periodic table. physical & chemical properties change somewhat regularly across a period elements that are close to each other in a period tend to be more similar than those farther apart.
group (or family): vertical columns that each contain elements with similar properties Elements are symbolized by one or two letters (first letter(s) or first letter and prominent sound, or comes from Latin) What element is symbolized by W? Cu? Au? Ag?
Metals Non Metals -usually solid (except Hg)-can be any phase phase -shiny (luster)-dull -malleable- flattened or shaped-brittle -ductile- drawn in wire-non conductors -conductors of heat & electricity -don’t react w/ acid -react w/ acid + base & base located on the left side - located on the right of the periodic table side of the table
Metalloids are elements that have some characteristics of metals and some characteristics of nonmetals. Located between the metals and nonmetals on the periodic table (near the stair-step line)